Short Notes About Some Point

SIM A subscriber identity module (SIM) on a removable SIM card securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) utilize to re port wine a subscriber on lively telephony devices ( such(prenominal) as peregrine environs and data processors). A SIM card takes its unique serial reckon, internation all in ally unique number of the expeditious user (IMSI), tribute au consequentlytication and ciphering discipline, temporary information colligate to the local anesthetic network (also temporary local id that has been issued to the user), a cite of the service the user has access to and two pass delivery (PIN for usual use and PUK for unlocking).SIM cards argon available in two archetype sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85. 60 mm ? 53. 98 mm x 0. 76 mm). GSM GSM is stands for Global System for rambling communication. It is a digital mobile telephony brass that is widely used in Asia and other sepa direct of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multipl e access (TDMA) and is the most(prenominal) widely used of the three digital radio raiment telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it d witness a channel with two other streams of user data, separately in its become time slot.It ope positions at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. Mobile go establish on GSM railway locomotive room were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more than 690 mobile net kit and boodle supply GSM serve across 213 countries and GSM represents 82. 4% of all global mobile tie-ups. According to GSM World, at that place ar now more than 2 billion GSM mobile ph wiz users worldwide. Since m whatsoever GSM network operators pick up roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often prolong to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries.GSM, together with other technologies, is sectionalisation of the evolution of wireless mobile telecommunications that includ es High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General piece of ground Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). GPRS GPRS (General packet radio service) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data positions of 56-114 kbit/s.GPRS data transfer is typically charged per MB of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit sack is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is use the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a definite quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users. 2G cellular systems combined with GPRS ar often described as 2. 5G, that is, a technology betwee n the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony.It provides mode commit velocity data transfer, GSM is the and kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM retail store 97 and newer releases. It was originally measuring stickized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), unless now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GPRS was genuine as a GSM response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet switched cellular technologies. W-Lan A wireless local area network (WLAN) links devices via a wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM) and usually provides a connection by an access engineer to the wider internet.This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of episode and the increasing popularity of laptop information processing systems. Wi-Fi Wi-Fi (short for wireless fid elity) is a verge for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use preconditions in the 802. 11 family. The term Wi-Fi was created by an organization called the Wi-Fi Alliance, which oversees tests that certify harvest-feast interoperability. A product that passes the alliance tests is given the label Wi-Fi certified (a registered trademark).Originally, Wi-Fi certification was applicable only to products using the 802. 11b standard. Today, Wi-Fi can apply to products that use any 802. 11 standard. The 802. 11 specifications are part of an evolving set of wireless network standards known as the 802. 11 family. The particular(prenominal) specification under which a Wi-Fi network operates is called the piquantness of the network. Any entity that has a wireless LAN should use security safeguards such as the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption standard, the more fresh Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), cyberspace Protocol Security (IPsec), or a virtual private net work (VPN).ALU An (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental expression block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a calculator, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and artistic creation processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs a iodin component may contain a number of ALUs. Mathematician tush von Neumann proposed the ALU opinion in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC.REFRESH RATE The round off rate (most commonly the vertical refresh rate, vertical scan rate for CRTs) is the number of times in a second that queer ironware draws the data. This is antithetic from the measure of frame rate in that the refresh rate includes the repeated drawing of identical frames, On CRT let outs, increasing the refresh rate decreases fl ickering, thereby reducing eye strain. However, if a refresh rate is specified that is beyond what is recommended for the display, damage to the display can occur.For computer programs or telemetry, the term is also applied to how frequently a datum is updated with a new external value from another rootage. RESULATION The display resolution of a digital television or display device is the number of distinct pyxels in separately dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term e particularly as the displayed resolution is controlled by all unlike factors in cathode ray tube (CRT) and flat panel or projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays.One use of the term display resolution applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma display panels (PDPs), liquid watch glass displays (LCDs), Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the forcible number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e. g. , 1 920? 1200). A consequence of having a fixed power grid display is that, for multi-format video inputs, all displays need a scaling engine (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the entering picture format to the display.PIXEL A pixel (or picture element) is a single point in a raster image. The pixel is the smallest addressable class element, it is the smallest unit of picture which can be controlled. apiece pixel has its own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates. Pixels are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more-accurate histrionicss of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable.In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or quad component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or black. In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the ter m pixel is used to refer to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a film site in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is also sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital cameras sensor),2 while in others the term may refer to the entire set of such component intensities for a spatial position.In color systems that use chrome sub sampling, the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in such a representation. The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix (pictures) and el (for element) similar formations with el for element include the words voxel and texel. SCAN-PORT A port scanner is a software application intentional to probe a network drove for scatter ports.This is often used by administrators to verify security policies of their networks and by attackers to identify running services on a host with the view to compromise it. To portscan a host is to scan for listening ports on a single target host. To port sweep is to scan multiple hosts for a specific listening port. The latter(prenominal) is typically used in searching for a specific service, for example, an SQL-based computer worm may port sweep looking for hosts listening on TCP port 1433.HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a crew of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with the SSL/TLS protocol to provide encryption and secure (website security testing) identification of the emcee. HTTPS connections are often used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web and for sensitive transactions in incorporate information systems. HTTP is a request-response standard typical of client-server computing. In HTTP, web browsers or spiders typically act as clients, while an application running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server.The client, which submits HTTP requests, is also referred to as the user agent. The responding server, which stores or creates resources such as HTML files and images, may be called the origin server. In between the user agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels. SEARCH railway locomotive A program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Although earch engine is actually a general class of programs, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web and USE engagement newsgroups. Typically, a search engine works by sending out a spider to fetch as many documents as possible. Another program, called an indexer, then reads these documents and creates an index based on the words contained in each document. Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its indices such that, ideally, only meanin gful results are returned for each query.RTAP Short for Real Time Streaming Protocol, a standard for controlling streaming data over the World Wide Web. comparable H. 323, RTSP uses RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) to format packets of multimedia content. But whereas H. 323 is knowing for videoconferencing of moderately-sized groups, RTSP is designed to expeditiously broadcast audio-visual data to large groups. RTSP grew out of work done by Columbia University, Netscape and Real Networks. RSVP R. S. V. P. stands for a French phrase, repondez, sil vous plait, which means please state. The psyche sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or even up the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not? Etiquette rules followed in most Western cultures require that if you receive a formal, written invitation, you should reply promptly, perhaps that same day. For hosts who are planning a dinner party, a wedding or a reception, this is important from a practical point of view, because they need to know how many people to count on and how more food and drink to buy.More important, though, is the simple courtesy of responding to someone who was adept enough to invite you, even if it is to say that you regret that you will not be able to attend. APPLICATION SERVER Short for reach ring System (or Service or Server), an internet service that translates scene of action lean into IP addresses. Because bowl name are alphabetic, theyre easier to remember. The net however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a dry land name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the interchangeable IP address.For example, the battleground name www. example. com might translate to 198. 105. 232. 4. The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesnt know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned. MAIL-SE RVER A transmit server is a computer that serves as an electronic post built in bed for e air. Mail exchanged across networks is passed between mail servers that run specially designed software.This software is built around agreed-upon, standardized protocols for handling mail messages, the graphics they might contain, and attachment files. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) each have a mail server for handling their clients mail messages, sometimes referred to as private mail servers. Some websites also offer public telecommunicate services, utilizing their own mail servers. DNS The Domain seduce System (DNS) is a hierarchal naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network.It associates non-homogeneous information with domain label assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to gentlemans gentleman into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipmen t for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain ring System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www. example. com translates to 192. . 32. 10. The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each users physical location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208. 77. 188. 166 (IPv4) or 2001db81f70999de876486e8 (IPv6).The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Author itative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated. In general, the Domain Name System also tores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet. former(a) identifiers such as RFID tags, UPC edicts, International denotations in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially utilize DNS. The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service.For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed speci fication of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Symbian OS Symbian OS is an operating system (OS) designed for mobile devices and smart phones, with associated libraries, user interface, frameworks and reference implementations of common tools, originally authentic by Symbian Ltd. It was a descendant of Psions EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed.In 2008, the former Symbian Software Limited was acquired by Nokia and a new independent non-profit organisation called the Symbian alkali was established. Symbian OS and its associated user interfaces S60, UIQ and MOAP(S) were contributed by their owners to the foundation with the objective of creating the Symbian platform as a royalty-free, open source software. The platform has been designated as the successor to Symbian OS, following the official launch of the Symbian Foundation in April 2009. The Symbian platform was officially made available as open source code in February 2010.Devices based on Symbian OS accountancy for 46. 9% of smartphone sales, making it the worlds most popular mobile operating system. DE-MORGAN The law is named after Augustus De Morgan (18061871)3 who introduced a formal version of the laws to classical propositional logic. De Morgans formulation was influenced by algebraization of logic undertaken by George Boole, which later cemented De Morgans claim to the find. In formal logic, De Morgans laws are rules relating the logical operators and and or in terms of each other via negation, viz. NOT (P OR Q) = (NOT P) AND (NOT Q) NOT (P AND Q) = (NOT P) OR (NOT Q)EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded tenfold Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit character encoding (code page) used on IBM mainframe computer operating systems such as z/OS, OS/390, VM and VSE, as well as IBM midrange computer operating systems such as OS/ cd and i5/OS (see also Binary Coded Decimal). It is also emp loyed on various non-IBM platforms such as Fujitsu-Siemens BS2000/OSD, HP MPE/iX, and Unisys MCP. EBCDIC descended from the code used with punched cards and the corresponding six bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBMs computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s.ASCII Acronym for the American Standard Code for cultivation Interchange. Pronounced ask-ee, ASCII is a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text, which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another. UNICODE Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent representation and manipulation of text expressed in most of the worlds writing systems. certain in conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard and promulgated in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 107,000 characters covering 90 scripts, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an muniment of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic or Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). The Unicode Consortium, the nonprofit organization that coordinates Unicodes development, has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing alive character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are conflicting with multilingual environments.Unicodes success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including XML, the Java programming language, the Microsoft . NET Framework, and modern operating systems. Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8 (which uses one byte for any ASCII characters, which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters), the now-obsolete UCS-2 (which uses two bytes for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard), and UTF-16 (which extends UCS-2 to handle code points beyond the scope of UCS-2).