Midieval Church Essay Example for Free

Midieval Church Essay The schism of 1378-1415 involved a division in the church due to existence of two popes. The italians elected a pope as St. Urban VI to succeed St. Peter. The French cardinals at the same time ailed to agree with the italians and elected their own pope called Clement VII. One of the issues leading to the churchs division was the fact that, the christedom couldnt agree on which pope to accept. The second issue was the fact that the two popes were in two different places, ssince St. Urban remained in Rome while Clement VII withdrew to Avignon according to Nelson (1999). In addition, Nelson also argues that there was growing corruption in both papacies,expansion of heresy and the continuation of a cchurch without real leadership or discipline. b. How the schism served to undermine the authority of the popes The papal authority was undermined since financial decisions grew worse during avignon papacy, as there were two papal capitals as well as two administrations. Secular leaders also supported either one pope or the other causing lack of unified support to a single papacy. Furthermore, according to Nelson (1999), theological situation became difficult as the two papal organizations condemned the other. c. New Religious ideas that emerged A number of new religious ideas emerged as a result of the great Schism of 1378-1415. Such religious ideas were as an attempt to resolve the issue of dual papacy and try to regain a single papacy to the church. Some of these religious ideas according to Nelson (1999) included the following: theological faculty of the university of Paris was asked to find a resolve to the problem, the popes were also asked to abdicste for the good of christedom, influential writers decided that monarchy was superior to the church. In addition, Priestly powers were placed in the hands of individuals which later formed the foundation for the refformation of the protestant churches. Furthermore, intellectuals and reformists decided that the churchs sovereighnity rested on its members (Nelson, 1999). This reformists supported their ideas by arguing on the basis of: the scripture according to paul and the early church, History acoording to Constantin and the council of Nicaea among others. d. How the need of the Church to re-establish authority manifested itself in the Fifteenth century. Th e church had a need to re-establish its authority was manifested in the fifteenth century in the following ways; The church formed the council of Pisa according to Nelson (1999) in an attempt to find a solution. This council cardinals decided to depose both pontifs and elected a third in 1408. All the cardinals were excommunicated by the two popes,making matters even worse by creating a third pope. By 14 15 the issues involving the three popes such as increased corruption and heresy led to the Holy Roman Emperor throwing his support behind concilliarists and arranged for another council meeting (Nelson,1999). These attempts were manifested by the church as a way of trying to resolve the issues. In this council,also reffered to as the council of constance, the three â€Å"phantom popes† were deposed in favour of a new pope by the name Martin V. This new pontiff was based at Rome and had a greater responsibility of re-establishing the position of the pope as Gods representative on earth (Nelson, 1999). Works Cited Nelson, L. H. (1999). Lectures of a midieval survey. The Great Schism. Retrieved from http://www. the- orb. net/textbooks/nelson/great_schism. html . On June 6 2010.

Is There a Criminal Brain? Essay -- Biology Biological Essays

Is There a Criminal Brain? It is very rare these days to turn on the news and not hear about a crime or a murder. Crime is a common occurrence yet many times it is difficult to understand how someone could bring themselves to do these things. It does seem to make any sense why a young handsome man from a good family would want to kill someone and then be able to go through with it. This leads one to wonder if the brains of people who behave in socially unacceptable ways are different from everyone else's brains. There is a substantial amount of evidence that suggests some criminals do have differences in their brains that most likely contribute to their behavior. Many of these individuals have Antisocial Personality Disorder and some are considered sociopaths. Everyone's brain is made up slightly differently, which is good because it provides individual variation. These biological differences can greatly influence how the individual behaves. For example, the frog brain and the human brain look very different structurally and the behaviors exhibited by a frog and a human are very different. Differences in brain structure are not limited to different species, there can be differences within the same species. Wildcats and domestic cats are a good example of this. The visual system of the wild cat and the domestic cat differ in substantial ways. Domestic cats have fewer ganglion cells in the retina and have a smaller lateral geniculate nucleus, which is a part of the thalamus (9). In addition, they have fewer total neurons involved in the visual system of the brain, however the sizes of neurons do not change between the wild and domestic cats (9). It may be possible to explain these changes by looking at "domesticati... ... http://abcnews.go.com/sections/living/DailyNews/antisocials000214.html 2)What Lurks Within Murderous Minds? http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Teachers/discipline.html 3)Neural Roots of Murder http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/09151997/graphb.htm 4)Crime & Nourishment http://mhnet.org/perspectives/articles/art03964.htm 5)Prenatal Smoking Linked to Conduct Disorder in Boys http://www.cqs.com/smokaspd.htm 6)Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion http://www.mhsource.com/pt/p960239.jhtml?_requestid=454630 7)The Psychopath's Brain: Tormented Souls, Diseased Brains http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n07/doencas/disease_i.htm 8)Functional Families, Dysfunctional Brains http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/04/980410101830.htm 9)>Different Brains, Different Behaviors http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/~pkinser/bb/ Is There a Criminal Brain? Essay -- Biology Biological Essays Is There a Criminal Brain? It is very rare these days to turn on the news and not hear about a crime or a murder. Crime is a common occurrence yet many times it is difficult to understand how someone could bring themselves to do these things. It does seem to make any sense why a young handsome man from a good family would want to kill someone and then be able to go through with it. This leads one to wonder if the brains of people who behave in socially unacceptable ways are different from everyone else's brains. There is a substantial amount of evidence that suggests some criminals do have differences in their brains that most likely contribute to their behavior. Many of these individuals have Antisocial Personality Disorder and some are considered sociopaths. Everyone's brain is made up slightly differently, which is good because it provides individual variation. These biological differences can greatly influence how the individual behaves. For example, the frog brain and the human brain look very different structurally and the behaviors exhibited by a frog and a human are very different. Differences in brain structure are not limited to different species, there can be differences within the same species. Wildcats and domestic cats are a good example of this. The visual system of the wild cat and the domestic cat differ in substantial ways. Domestic cats have fewer ganglion cells in the retina and have a smaller lateral geniculate nucleus, which is a part of the thalamus (9). In addition, they have fewer total neurons involved in the visual system of the brain, however the sizes of neurons do not change between the wild and domestic cats (9). It may be possible to explain these changes by looking at "domesticati... ... http://abcnews.go.com/sections/living/DailyNews/antisocials000214.html 2)What Lurks Within Murderous Minds? http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Teachers/discipline.html 3)Neural Roots of Murder http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/09151997/graphb.htm 4)Crime & Nourishment http://mhnet.org/perspectives/articles/art03964.htm 5)Prenatal Smoking Linked to Conduct Disorder in Boys http://www.cqs.com/smokaspd.htm 6)Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion http://www.mhsource.com/pt/p960239.jhtml?_requestid=454630 7)The Psychopath's Brain: Tormented Souls, Diseased Brains http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n07/doencas/disease_i.htm 8)Functional Families, Dysfunctional Brains http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/04/980410101830.htm 9)>Different Brains, Different Behaviors http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/~pkinser/bb/

Postmodern Social Theory Essay

Postmodern social theory is a field which is both difficult to define and rejects being defined. Postmodern theory is largely concerned with the ways our perceptions and reality are constructed. Postmodern social theory is a field of diverse and at times contradictory ideas that try to describe the relations of characters to society of the infrastructures and information age. Social reality is distinct from objective reality and individual subjective reality because it refers to the socially constructed nature of most of our shared institutions, beliefs and values. Social reality can be thought of as the sum of the social constructs in a society, or as the result of the social interactions between individuals within a society. Various authors have pursued to overcome this difficulty by trusting on common characteristics of various postmodern theories; also others have defined the field by those who work in it. Many have evaded any attempts to define it at all. Nevertheless of which of these methods one takes, however, there is no denying that postmodern social theory was at one time a booming presence in sociology. Despite this â€Å"death† of postmodern theory, however, its short life has had profound effects on the way social theorists do theory, and I think that it will, in no doubt, continue to have such an effect for a long time to come. There is also no denying that that time has passed and that now postmodern social theory is little more than a memory of a past era in social thought. Conclusion Postmodern social theory discards the desires and skills of modern social theory, moving away from grand descriptions, rational theorizing and towards a deconstruction of general truths, a decentering that is attuned to difference and locality.

Differences Between Cultures And Cultures Of Europe

Jonathan Gessner Peoples and Cultures of Europe Dr. James Biologists of Europe Many of the world’s well known and famous biologists and scientists have come from all over Europe in both the past and the present. Many of the pioneers in learning to study and understand the physical world from a scientific point of view have come from Europe. Modern scientific works can still be attributed to these researchers because their work will always be significant and applied even in the modern world. Distinctively, most of these scientists have come from England than the rest of the Europe. Charles Darwin, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick among numerous others have all come from England, although there are still many others who have come from elsewhere such as Louis Pasteur who is from France and Gregor Mendel, from the Czech Republic. However in this paper, just a few out of the abundant selections of biologists from Europe will be discussed and compared. Their cultures, identities, and education have all influenced a different array of discover ies and successes that have opened the door for scientists today to follow in their footsteps and add on to their theories. During the time that the scientists being discussed lived, Europe was undergoing a fundamental change. During the 18th and 19th century, Europe was where the Industrial Revolution started, in which it began in England and then spread through Europe and along to the rest of the world. Life of the average person changedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Italian and Northern European Renaissance758 Words   |  4 PagesNorthern Europe Renaissances were both an important mark in history by changing the ideals of life, thought, culture, and art of the people’s of this time. In this paper I will explain the motive for change in these cultures, including the similarities and differences of the two cultures. 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