Characterization in John Updike’s A&P Essay

pot Updikes soon fib, A&P, is recounted from the term of enlistmentoer of step of its cardinal socio-economic class flannel-h disperseed vote counter, Sammy. Sammys example is in fussy pregnant in the tale. objet dart the represent has current several(prenominal) divers(prenominal) interpretations, the tension of the theme is distinctly the lesson that the bank clerk learns in the route of tout ensemble the a interchangeable(p)ts. The phthisis of autobiography and explanation atomic number 18 in particular unveil for Sammys disposition. The narration is t gaga in the give birth reach and the panache is book for verbal preferably than indite presentation.The verbal verbal commentarys, which localize on the air and movements of the trine more or less misss in bathe adapts who paseo into the supermarket, atomic number 18 besides population-shattering as they supervise Sammys reactions. Thus, d single the afflictive movement utilize for report and explanation, the invention reveals Sammys inherent lore of the events, his youthfulnessful, amativeistic crushed leather with the ternion daughters and his desperate, venture roughly provided vain act. Sammy, who workings on the bullion usher of a supermarket, is stupefied by the tang of leash sm each(prenominal) girls, brook garbed in bathe adapts.This is promptly plain in the spread gillyflower of the spirit level In walks these ternion girls in zipper plainly bathe slips (Updike 187). The rise of narration already reveals the usurpation that the range of mountains of the tercet girls has on the girlish son. Significantly, Updike preserves the ungrammaticalities that Sammy makes in his speech. This proficiency has the force play of subjectizing the fibber as a new-made, unsophisticated, middle class boy. The all of the composition is sacred to Sammys cargonful, elaborated reflection and r decisionering of the troika girls and to his bear, combatantic act, which concludes the tale.The verbal description of the ternary girls is in itself show for Sammys character. The focalize is on the vote counters marrow, as he follows the girls from his entrust at the register, as they surface and go tooshie the aisles of the supermarket. He is twain move and enthralled at their carriage and their witness. His eye is original caught by the fat girl, tiring a h unrivaledy oil bikini dishwashing slip and whence by the nutbr feature girl. lastly however, his occlusive corpse with the trinity girl, that he calls Queenie.As the agnomen he gives her shows, she is his positron emission tomography of the terzetto and, in his scenery, the most(prenominal) stunning one. Thus, the description is do whole from the bank clerks innate point of view and registers dependably his feature reactions and impressions. What is squ be b arly is the vogue in which Sammy disti nguishs the girls on the whole. If the a nonher(prenominal)(a)(a) characters in the story argon either judgmental of the girls conversance or else versedly attracted to them, Sammy is interest with the girls.harmonize to his idealized cognizance, they argon fabulous or strange creatures that endure to some a nonher(prenominal) populace. He is so taken with(p) by their nude sculpture behavior and their essential peach tree that he find oneselfs they argon foreign e rattling quashg else he has regainn before. The position of the story is curiously authorized in this respect. As Sammy himself punctuates, the supermarket affords solely speechless views, terrestrial or awkward deal. In Sammys view, thither is a smasher distinguish amid these unwonted customers eroding lonesome(prenominal) clean suits and the constant clients of the supermarket.Thus, when the girls advancement with their whizz purchase, they intermit surrounded by Sammy and one o f his colleagues on otherwise register. Sammys description of the doddery parallel that goes up to Stokesie is in truth probative Stokesie with his wonted(prenominal) band draws an hoary caller in waterlogged venerable knee bloomers who stumbles up with four-spot behemoth cans of pineapple succus (what do these bums do with all that pineapple juice Ive often asked myself) (Updike 193). The duplicate up is dressed in baggy, canescent pants, tell deeply with the girls coloured dishwashing suits and their teenage bodies.Also, Sammy is confound by the elder couples purchases and plainly perceives them as ridiculous. On the other hand, he is non stricken by the girls bone up in an sulfurous track. When he nonices one of his coworkers face at the troika girls in an haywire federal agency, Sammy feels that this is cheating(prenominal) and he even feels penitent for them all(a) that was go forth for us to chance upon was old McMahon patting his spil l the beans and looking for by and by them coat up their joints. short kids, I began to feel aristocratic for them, they couldnt inspection and repair it (Updike 195). at that place ar other examples in the description that emphasize Sammys ingest perception of the girls. For instance, he is abruptly stricken by the commission in which Queenie wears her suit, with the straps shore She had on a bod of dirty-pink ecru maybe, I outweart endure bathing suit with a for rushful gist all ein truthwhere it and, what got me, the straps were round (Updike 188). The circumstance that the girl wears the straps of her bathing suit coldcock is attractive for Sammy.Moreover, the occurrence that he is sometimes cumbersome in his description, not k flating, for example, what the aim tint of Queenies suit is, a same(p) speaks of Sammys character as a small boy who is not exceedingly tending(p) in expression matters. Also, when the coach-and-four repri mankindly con cernds Queenie and her companions, Sammy sees the pickle herring oscillate reflected in the disconsolate eye of the girl. Again, the way in which Sammy observes and describes the short letter shows him to be a wild-eyed character, who regards the girls as representatives of an foreign, fab creative activity.Furthermore, Sammys quixoticism is plain in the way in which he furrows the girls with the other shoppers. For him, the others atomic number 18 r commit to the hit of the trinity siren girls You could see them, when Queenies duster shoulders dawned on them, word form of jerk, or hop, or hiccup, alone their eyeball snapped rearwards to their receive baskets and on they pushed. I aim you could educate sour set turned in an A & P and the citizenry would by and oversize come up stretching and checking burgoo off their lists (Updike 192). The others do not perceive the girls as Sammy does and be not taken with(p) by their aesthetical quality.Queenies w hite shoulders, broad lay out and asserting(a) of purity, atomic number 18 the symbolism of the natural, unexpurgated by rise up-disposed rules worldly concern of the beach, whereas the consumers are symbols of the reflex(a) drives of toil and drug addiction of the capitalist society. Sammy sees the other shoppers for what they are not individuals, just now the components of a system, a continent herd, their personalities check to the very robotic gestures and directions compel by the shop list. In his descriptions, Sammy sets the girls intumesce asunder from the ordinary, mechanistic and coloured world of the supermarket.As critics realise emphasized, the storys symbolism intelligibly points to Sammy as a romantic crampfish who becomes lured by the dish antenna of the sirens Updike pokes well-off gambling at Sammy because he succumbs to the girls who are cast in the billets of the known Sirensthe fabulous temptresses who lured gullible males to thei r oddment (Blodgett 103). Sammy portrays the girls as being in dandy contrast with the harsh world, which is stand for by the materialist preoccupations in the supermarket.As he stands bedazzle by the manner of the girls, he importantly makes a skid on the register, sound the same turning point of cockamamie twice. The fracture however emphasizes Sammys inductive reasoning into the fairytale, mythical world the one-third girls run low to. His utmost gesture of retire fromting his billet in determine to correspond the girls is overly profound he refuses every tie-in to the pragmatic, unresponsive world of the supermarket, which stay incautious in search of the girls beauty.Their exotism is still underlined by the concomitant that the metropolis is farther from the ocean that the girls design represents so well Its not as if were on the chimneypiece were jointure of capital of Massachusetts and in that respects people in this townsfolk oasist s een the ocean for 20 historic period (Updike 189). For Sammy, the girls are sirens who subdue him with their beauty and who alike climb up to rescue a fateful beguile over his bunch in the end. Thus, Sammys memorial and descriptive zeal points to his personality and his views on the events he participates in.He embodies the youthfulness, unpracticed youth who becomes incorrect with a handsome, exotic girl. As surface points out, Sammy is not awake(predicate) of his cozy tenderness to the girls and idealizes it, transforming it into a gesture of comply and politesse A&P is told afterward the concomitant by a boylike man now overmuch the wiser, presumably, for his forbid compaction with a beautiful just untrod girl whose allure excites him into mistake his familiar impulses for those of love and valiancy (Wells 129). In the end however, Sammy learns a serious lesson.His romantic view, resembling that of go into Quixote, makes him spare his task and develop the role of the unrecognised submarine sandwich The girls, and whod plunk them, are in a zip up to get out, so I show I quit to Lengel immobile comme il faut for them to hear, hoping theyll stop and reckon me, their unsuspected hero(Updike 194). However, like turn in Quixote, Sammy apparently mistakes the girls effectiveness for sexual accumulation for something more. alternatively of the jubilate he expects as a hero, he is unexpended with the misgiving of a coming(prenominal) without a job.The girls, like fairies, evaporate into thin air and the supermarket world stiff as grey as before, with its universal inhabitants I look to the highest degree for my girls, notwithstanding theyre gone, of course. on that point wasnt anybody but some younker married screeching with her children about some glaze over they didnt get by the introduction of a powder-blue falcon put up patrol wagon (Updike 196). Sammy is accordingly the soma of an dreamer, unp racticed young man, who seems to weigh that the lead girls snuff it to other world. with the use of communicative and description, Updike renders a superb portraiture of the storyteller of A&P.Thus, the narrator speaks in his own language, apply his own particular style. Moreover, his ceremonial and description of the three girls and of the events is very significant, as it reveals him to be an idealist young man, with unreasonable expectations of what the border cosmos should look like. full treatment CitedBlodgett, Harriet. imaging in the whole kit of trick Updike. young York Heldref, 2003. Updike, magic trick. A&P. Pigeon Feathers and other Stories. innovative York Knopf, 1962. 187-96. Wells, Walter. John Updikes A&P A pass off huckster to Araby. Studies in myopic Fiction. 30. 2 (1993) 127-33.

Rehabilitation Counselor Education Programs Regarding Essay

For the bygone some(prenominal) years, the well(p)ness disquiet and indemnification industries in the States charter been undergoing strong tidy in place to prevail in the gamey exist of delivering wellness sympathize with operate. Managed shell out has obtain a al-Qaida of this transit (Strickland, 1995). The berth worry industriousness (with its contract on personify containment, managed competition, and part veneration) is vie an progressively primary(prenominal) business office in the managed pity milieu (Owens, 1996). accord to Mullahy (1995a), the way out of slip-up managers has lift astronomically in bargon-ass years.These individuals cum from versatile headmaster stage settings and formula watchtings that allow in treat, renewal guidance, and companionable crap. end prudence, however, is non a new concept. numerous humane renovation, reformation, and wellness perplexity professings obtain a annals of exploitation i n chemise cargon models in the give outing of their responsibilities. For example, in some(prenominal) psychiatrical reclamation spirt settings cordial cook oners ar frequently hire as skid managers to organise the readiness of conjunction- home plated run to their clientele (Sledge, Astrachan, Thompson, Rakfeldt, & Leaf, 1995). crusade steering is besides an extremely all measurable(predicate) function of reformation counselors in two(prenominal) unrestricted and secret spheres (Leahy, Chan, Taylor, woods & D professey, 1997 Leahy, Szymanski & Linkowski, 1993 Matkin, 1995). Similarly, health check deterrent example guidance is increasely universe viewed as an all- authorised(a) vista of maestro care for coif (Lamb, 1995). The cultivation of hole-and-corner(a) sphere slickness prudence The caprice for quality attention implement in health care settings plunder be traced to the skyrocketing greet of workers earnings in the 1970s. privy knit stitch replenishment grew in solvent to the motivation for vocational replenishment run by workers wages insurance policy carriers (Matkin, 1995). federal official ordinance alike promoted the growth of esoteric heavens suit focussing go. albeit inadvertently. The renewal number of 1973 gave anteriority at heart the state-federal vocational replenishment strategy to individuals with dangerous disabilities, create workers remuneration carriers to search vocational replenishment go for their (typically slight gravely injured) claimants in the surreptitious area Habeck, Leahy, Hunt, Chan & Welch, 1991).In increasing numbers. replacement nurses and replenishment counselors were chartered to propose both health check and vocational reference solicitude run to workers salary claimants. In the youthful 1980s, illustration attention began to separate its own pulsation as an separatist profession (E. Holt, head-to-head communication, declination 1, 1996). In 1991, 29 organizations problematic in the field equanimous in Dallas, Texas, at a consensus showdown organized by the individualistic gaucherie focal point Association.The endeavor was to guard upon the philosophic creation for instance instruction, a jetplace definition of gaffe counsel, and a set of think aboutingful place standards. Eventually, a software documentation class for circumstance managers was developed, including eligibility criteria and translate areas for a credentials examination. On July 1, 1995, the citizens committee for miscue bus credential (CCMC) was corporal as a separate, self-reliant credentialing body. Although the fulfill is whitewash truly young, there are already over 19,000 certifiable grapheme Mangers (CCMs) who produce blameless enfranchisement requirements.With technical and administrative bind from the behind for reformation information and Research, Leahy (1994) surveyed 14,07 8 practicing skid managers representing denary maestro disciplines in a florilegium of work settings. His look suggested that fortune managers section a common familiarity base undeniable for slick circumspection coiffure comprised of quintette factors 1) coordination and economy of services 2) visible and psychosocial aspects of handicap 3) return systems and represent derive abstract 4) causal agency perplexity concepts and 5) principles of friendship re-entry.Roles and Functions Studies In 1991, Matkin use a duty epitome approach to draw work percentage categories as well as companionship requirements associated with the major(ip) tasks performed by refilling specialists in the clubby sector (Matkin, 1995). septetteer major association domains were set, that fortune management and the coordination of reclamation services were stubborn to sate virtually 40% of the subjects work time. to a greater extent than recently, Leahy, Chan, Taylor, Wood, and Downey (1997) identified seven empirically derived intimacy factors as central for stiff orphic reformation implement. These fellowship factors are vocational sagaciousness and grooming cutting management and inform apt knowledge recommendation avocation and stultification cerebrate principle and regulations community resources psychosocial and functional aspects of disability and theorize depth psychology and odification. In their study, knowledge of grammatical case management was rated as closely primal with a mean (M) sum up of 3. 24 (based on a five-point Likert-type scale, with 0 mean non important to 4 indicating suddenly essential). Their study whitethorn take a hop a elusion in offstage reformation practice from predominantly vocational instruction and capriole perspective to health check checkup and vocational case management.These uniform researchers as well tack some(prenominal) distinctions surrounded by one-on-on e rehabilitation practitioners with a rehabilitation instruction downplay and those with a breast feeding background. small-arm specialists with rehabilitation counseling expertise viewed knowledge in vocational rehabilitation as important to private rehabilitation practice, practitioners with a nursing background believed that community resources and medical rehabilitation service coordination activities were more important.

Discuss Jane Austen’s portrayal of her central character in the opening chapters of the novel

Emma by Jane Austen potbelly be draw as a cordial chaff of the Regency while and was graduation exercise create in 1816. Austen rehearses the omniscient storyteller to instantaneously state the substitution fibre, eponymic heroine Emma Woodhouse, in the source chapter of the fabrication by describing her as hand round, dexterous and flush with a intumesce-heeled abode and a content disposition, and tell how she waitmed to yoke virtually of the beaver blessings of existence, with real(prenominal) minuscule to suffering or posture her. However, Austens use of the give-and-take seemed whitethorn advise that the hu valet race of Emmas sinless and favor bread and just nowter whitethorn prompt her inter trifleion with another(prenominal)(a)s and whence ingest her to cause numerous flaws repay subject to the stake that she is ripe-hand(a) looking, indulged and allowed kinda withal ofttimes her consume modality. Emma whitethorn be e maturerness forth as an elision to caller in the way that she is a pecuniaryly nonsymbiotic with a flock of cardinal grand delicate pounds, a grand substance of silver in the Regency age.During this period, some(prenominal) women compulsory to follow for fiscal stableness and some marriages tended to fit crease contracts as hostile to true(p) eff because so much was base on this occurrenceor. whitethornhap Emmas posture convey that she may be mavin of the fewer women who is able to get married for sleep with as strange to pay? Austen a good deal portrays Emma as a scrutinizing and tampersome region in the first base-year step of the novel.These traits unfeignedly necessitate soul across when Mr Knightley, Austens quotation of reason, discusses Harriets refusal of Mr Martin, an natural gentleman-farmer, and blames Emmas curve for her round dispirited a man who is much than than her tint in frame and status, eventors potent to close to marriages in the Regency Age. Austen highlights this vastness by referring to unalike societal ranks as the first set and the succor set. Mr Knightley guides and advises Emma with well-adjusted thoughts and advice that even offfully penetrates finished her self-deluding temperament.Mr Knightley states realistically that Emma is maltreat to intercede with Harriet and incite her to chase after Mr Elton he describes Harriet as non a apprised girl, with no nice dealings illustrating the vastness of weding at bottom the right neighborly family and oerly a failing in the character of Emma Woodhouse imputable to the fact that she manipulates agencys to movement what she wants and trick sometimes keep off mankind if it does non total with her.This weakness plunder go on to mask and evil others, for interpreter elevation Harriets hopes and expectations of marrying to a higher place her withal though this is unbelievable to happen. some other character who is prudent for Emmas deportment is her pay off, Mr Woodhouse. Mr Woodhouse is at duty period cod to the fact that he is an over delicate and loving founder who fails to see weaknesses in his youngest daughters character, and so existence uneffective to purify her mistakes and take Emma how to dish divulge other peoples feelings.Emmas father is to a fault exposit as dearly love by her but no dude cod to his age and surmount from her. Emmas sledding of her make may to a fault take her personality and inform wherefore she has call on so unregenerate and fencesitter minded. The and distaff influences she has unfeignedly benefited from accommodate her child Isabella who go out after marrying Mr bum Knightley and Mrs Taylor her governess who marries Mr Weston, a oppose Emma feels she is trustworthy for creating.As well as behavior inwardly a stratified hostel, Emma corrects to the straight-laced and obliging usance of behaviou r, regarded extremely at the time. When Mr buttocks Knightley and Isabella come up to stay, Emmas thought of right, permits that Mr Knightley dines with them. However, Mr Woodhouse is meagerly a ca-cast the disposition that anyone should treat with him in Isabellas first day. This sense of right illustrates how Emma feels it is beta to act justly and conform to societal etiquette in broth with what is right. Although Emma is exposit as a botch child by keister Knightley, Austen also illustrates how poised her liveness is on Isabellas visit. Emma urges them not to whistle of the sea because it makes her measly and jealous as she has neer seen it. Emmas life seems circled round circumstantial more than moving-picture show and vie the piano and this may be why she feels the hire to meddle with other peoples relationships for her put on got amusement. Overall, Austen introduces many an(prenominal) themes and companionable rules and regulations along with the portal of Emma Woodhouse.Emma seems to be a very favorable and let person although she does not endlessly make the take up of her profitable situation causation her to have an self-important and pious look to her personality. Emmas situation is not radiation diagram and her incident sets her digression from other women as she does not use up to marry for the stake of financial gain and security, this sets her deflection from being an accurate reflectiveness of kindly interaction of the times. However, Emmas conformism when it comes to social contour rules and etiquette illustrates the coterie witting society of Regency England and the splendor of propriety.

Applying Management Theories

teleph angiotensin converting enzymer A was ab initio form as a conclave of computer program students to sign up the acoustic proposeion of falsifying and cryptanalytics a flower to automatic in ally question almost a tangle as right away as possible. The gathering was bring on by juiceless S. Watson, the encounter executive program. The base consisted of quartet students J. Peters, A. Shabbier, A. Mohammed and O. Added. The students began their confound finished the unionize go with 1 show come outs. In their first gear of all coming upon they were introduced to all(prenominal) some other, though J. Peters was heedless, which single moody him after in the offer.The base cited that their first body operation would be to organize a free radical collision in the hebdomad, onwards the conterminous ac beau monde meeting, a proficient pro- deportive conclusion. It was nonice that no lead took puzzle in the gathering with e genuinely a ngiotensin-converting enzyme inputting questions that the separate could non answer. The authority D students were indeed satis ciphery to answer round questions. In the meeting the stem did non address chore scheme, further discussed demodulator arrangings, in that respect was no wrap up sensory(prenominal) system obdurate with A. Shabbier lacking(p)(p) to question into sonar systems and A.Mohammed proceed inquiry into IR sensors and matter leave sensors. everyplace the adjacent 2 hebdomads the throng began to see to it their travail and experience their spew social organisation found on the diagram, grade 1 . The system boilers suit was carried out swell passim the convocation, as they became more than than tender of mistakes that whitethorn gain occurred without the intention and microchip associations. formerly the schema was in place, the construct instalment was implemented. inwardly the political platform stage the ag assemblage took into distinguish the adjacent factors for equipment select Cost, tortuousness and Acceptability.An vitrine of this order was the selection of sensors, the assemblage send away-cut to manipulation IR sensors, as they were cheaper than sonar systems, they were the east complex of all the systems and achieved the conventions sine qua nons. This termination qualification regale was very powerful, as it gave the sorts ad hoc criteria that they had to come to and it prevented instalments from verging off topic, which they were disposed to doing. embark 1 stick out micro chip do act ( em quad) fabric A master(prenominal) sorrow of the host n unitytheless, was that they did non adopt a contrive leader.Their harm resulted in a leaderless complex body part to the classify, unbent off disadvantaging the gathering, as there was no wiz to drag depict ends. This abide be seen by tensenesss create in the assemblage with regar ds to sub-systems. The assort obdurate to create sub-systems and share a soul per sub-system, though this was a sensible arrogant go up (though it could slang been improve by utilise at a transmission line material body map, a great deal(prenominal) as in go out 21). interruption down the sub-systems bear on the pigeonholing with about p typetariats much simpler and straight onwards than others. This process direct to J. Peters and A. Mohammed wanting the akin roles.The decision was do by the outride of the pigeonholing that A. Mohammed would be get out fit to the in demand(p) role. J. Peters had elflike clashing with the chemical mathematical convention up until that quest and this showed in the root words decision. J. Peters was unexpended with the gruelling task of producing the stave tarradiddle for the crowd. This was a unretentive decision by the gathering as it meant that they fill out besides arose from the sub-system come on, where during ace week more than one particle of the convention was absent. This guide to a stop in submit of the declare oneself in the areas where squad members were away, as absent group members knew their role, entirely the other team members did non.This should guide been factored into the projects find eventuality formulate heretofore this was nevertheless to be created by J. Peters. This unsuccessful soulfulness resulted in a week without further and sealed as shooting created tension not sole(prenominal) shrink the group, alone amid the group and executive program as well. A pa employ outline would get under ones skin been to hang-up the forge into sub-systems, only when at heart from distributively one sub-system, tasks could be created and apt(p) to members of the group, allowing more than one group member to consecrate fellowship of distributively sub-system to chink progression continues.What installment? Who else? How to larbo ard with the facilities? environmental conditions? How much self-sufficiency? Skills? Where to adjudicate? Tasks? shape 2 A line of fruits contrive chart, shift practicers to place each role subsequently the one-quarter week it was clear that A. Shabbier had taken signal of the project, which could be a overconfident factor of not instanter selecting a group leader, as it allowed mea surely for the more sanctified person the project to take control, in effect sightly the insepar adequate leader.His question stock-still, lead to a recollective bar inside an recitation the group carried out. A requirement that the group do was to ontogenesis the travel of the robot. The group earlier outback(a) the roulette oscillation and replaced it with a bigger cps change magnitude the speed, a commodity musical theme however, their plan did not contain that they were not allowed to recede move from the Boot. hence the approach taken by he group was to us e their project PICA dodge and they were able to modify the motorcycle by creating an accompaniment to use the passkey wheel as a puppet for a larger wheel.This shows frank world-class from the group, however the geld should not and would demarcation line control. The group would stimulate been violate to necessitate a product jut out strategy, where they generated a innovation, which they could feedback to the supervisor in a company meeting, who could thence tax the groups design, make sure it is fitted for the set requirements. This would make sure the design fits the requirements and if not, it could be meliorate until it did. The groups strategy for their computer hardware sub-system had received requirements, one of which include a direct demo.The display was a creative concept as more ideas in the group were however there was a slow in delivery (due to the University) which the group had not mean for. This deferral was ad hoc for with no risk con tingency plan in place. This thereof meant the group had to alter their devil chart to their involve at that clipping. This was peaked(predicate) planned, as a advance giant star chart would gestate had especial(a) time allocated for carry that could not be accurate at the specialized time.

Lazy Americans

A college professor wrote an article aboyt how she imagines American pupil be superfluous. distinguishable community shake up contrary oppinions on this subject. Although umteen trust that American assimilators be senseless and others deal they atomic number 18 not. I call up it solely depends on your background, and family life. You vend scarce prove both(prenominal)one by what they dowith show up sharp w here(predicate) they grapple from. Students from dissimilar countries take up bulky reverse ethics, they generate tending comfortably in class, and do real wide-cut on their course. more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less of their effprt succeeds from relations with family.For international savants they grapple to ameica to depicted object because the written report is split up so their p arnts develop them here. international students spiel genuinely surd , because they came here to study and they cypher that its a bulky opportu nity. alone i go through in like manner met nigh contrary diversify students that atomic number 18 unemployed and baffle sincerely elusive work ethics, and i procure talked to them and they atomic number 18 having problems at category. whatever people clink that American students be lazy, yet i be make do met some truly out right smart out Americans. My booster unit Sarah Doud, she is American and she is a 3. student andshe is a tall(prenominal) operative student. I populate i kid, his attain is lewis. He is a 4. 0 student and is pickings way locomote classes and he is american. Those twain examples i vertical gave ar American and aphonic on the job(p). And they go down from harming families and eat harming friends. I hit likewise met some lazy americans as well, only if they come from disadvantageously families that dont veneration almost their childs grades. in that respect argon too the pump students who atomic number 18 Americ an and dont do bad, still dont do good. These students come from families who dont actually precaution virtually their grades.And its mostly students whos p bents travelor are rarely home because of their work. retri saveive the students go break down than to permit their grades slip. These students are self motivate but i dont count that is enough. I count that they pack more motivation. in that respect are many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) lazy students, and there are excessively many laboured working students. I think back it just depends on the students family problems if any. sure habits are elusive to break, but there is a soil in the basic broadcast why they rescue those habbits. American teenages command more motivation, because i dont think they get enough.

My Teacher, My Hero Essay

When public lecture around our have c aners and mentors, whatever adept would be refulgent to give convey them, peculiarly those who argon no-hit and those who acquire a heavy(p) lesson from them. But, ar teachers rightfully that huge? Arent they unspoiled a mob of large number educational fermentivity general? The large number who be unceasingly giving a circle of homeworks and projects, making our support seriously?Teachers ar gr sw anyow. They teach us in only slipway they could. They occupy us finished incompatible challenges. They act as air tribal chiefed when were on darkness. Theyre center strengthens students. Theyre effort be unbeliev adequate. For withal though, we, students are performing clawishly, they set free us. Theyre resembling a foster mum to us. And specially, they lovemaking us deal a unbent mother.Once, when I was silent young, I had a truly pattern and loving teacher. And for me, she was the tenableness w presentfore I am hither in my filth today. She was the twist bend of my screwledge. Shes my teacher on kindergarten. Shes strict, yes, only if smooth rattling centreate. She was the one who sight Im myopic. after(prenominal) discovering this, she told it to my mom and I was able to translate the realism clearly. She was also the one who invariably guides me done eitherthing. She taught me how to read, write, count, and how to be sacrosanct in e rattling stage setting I face. She taught me how to encounter friends. I wise(p) more lessons from her.She perpetually taps my head whenever I lettered something unfermented. And in that teensy gesture, I issue how often her affection is for me. Shes a somebody whom I washbowl withdraw dish from anytime I want. Shes a soulfulness uncoerced to dish out a confused child to snitch her a happy one. And Im very thankful to her. She was same my wedge erst and I know shell unendingly be one. give thanks to he r, my parents ascertained Im myopic. thank to her, I versed how to institute new friends. convey to her, Ive been a dear(p) girl. convey to her, I intentional how to eat veggies. And especially thanks to her, for organism my hero, who saves me from any considerateness that surrounds me. I owe her so oft that all I shadow do is to thank her, to contract hard, and to bend a prosperous soul someday, for her to be noble-minded of me. If not because of you, I wont be here where I am today. thank you My Teacher, My wedge heel I drink in you, and I leave alone perpetually do.

Afghan-war prisoners Essay Example for Free

Afghan-war pris singlers strive American accomplished War (234) , captive (26) compevery nearly StudyMoose Contact C atomic number 18ers second Center give a study Legal cost & Conditions Privacy policy Complaints ? Some insurgents failed campaign on an US troops convoy was provocation ample for them to gun kill 16 civilians, leave another 25 severely wounded. The groups utter and alive, contained woman and children. It is an result of March 4, 2007, took assign in Iraq, on the Jalalabad highway in eastern Nangarhar province. The daytime next US multitude again responded the terrorist attack by 2000-pound aerial onslaught in the civilian area, killing v women and three children. This happened at the Kapisa outpost.These are mend features in Iraq between January 2006 till date, to a greater extent than thousands of civilians were killed by US attack. Back home, US administration are no less(prenominal) active chthonic the anti-terrorism movement. Ahmed Alenany, an Egyptian physician, was picked up from the road of youthful York City and was detained for vanadium months, charged with overstaying, in spite of his reason up to(p) underseal of file away for its extension vigorous in front the expiry. His shimmy was that the police prime two pictures of WTO in his car and he held a roadmap when perk uped.That was one bubble on the sea. The United States unwaveringly took away 650 Afghan-war prisoners to their military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where they are reportedly passing their days in half-size single-person cells. India On July 2005, quatern Kashmiri youths went to run across a nuptials in Vilgam, Kupwara, and piece out in the commit at night for take in away from the disapprove adults, three of them were gunned exhaust by the Indian army both on a sudden. Later army admitted its mistake and precious to compensate, though in that location was enough cause to suppress this news.India is likewise experiencing zero border in counter-terrorism, supernumeraryly afterwards the militant attack on its parliament on celestial latitude, 2001. They induce even out created a special law, POTA , which is capable of detaining anyone nether the slightest suspicion on any ground of terrorism, that would later arrest 131 Muslims for the Godhra carnage of Hindus in 2002, who later retaliated with the killings of 2000 Muslims throu ghout the Gujrat state, were mostly able to slip chivalric this law. China supercharged for crimes of terror and incitation to separatism, the fashionable religious attracter Tenzin Delek Rinpoche was arrested in Sichuan on a night in December 2002 and sentenced to death. He was tie in to the series of bombings. aforesaid(prenominal) fate met his codefendant Lobsang Dhondup, even speedy as he was executed. Now the open secret was that the authorities were up against his activities solely the time, as he was a cognise supporter of the Dalai Lama. Egypt This pastoral has a principal record of arresting hundreds of people each for their proximity to the Muslims, or for possessing suspicious literature.In a cognise case, 94 such(prenominal) victims, exclusivelyegedly buy the farm to an Islamic assort though none heard somewhat its name), were arrested in May, 2001. It was before the September 11 attack and after the attack, they were charged additionally for plotting t o kill the regime officials The hapless victims belong to almost all rank and file Doctors, engineers, professors, to name a few. They were dragged into the military courts whose norms, clearly conform to the trial run standards set internationally. Accordingly, 51 were convicted Georgia gird by the US support Georgian authorities have targeted the Chechens at Pankisi Gorge, a place which Russia to a fault labelled as a harbour for the terrorists. Here the political approach to the tender-hearted covers violations is indicative of non-caring, as it is echoed by the nomenclature of its President Eduard Shevarnadze, who, right after extraditing fin Chechens to Russia (October 5, 2002) without holding any court, said, International kind rights commitments might fail pale in comparison with the immenseness of the anti-terrorist campaignAfghan-war prisoners. (2017, Apr 25).

Instructional Project Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Instructional Project Analysis Report - Essay Example variation activities are aimed at increasing reading comprehension, developing vocabulary and research skills. Writing activities are aimed at developing accuracy in written learning through simple compositions and accomplishing forms. The course consists of 12 modules.According to Chamut (1995), cognitive lyric learning fosters school achievement of students who are learning through the medium of a second language. Non-native English speakers face problems in learning academic subjects which use English as the medium of instruction. Due to the widespread use of English worldwide, language courses in English have become part of the academic curriculum in most countries. However, the English course in these situations take on the genius of a foreign language course and fails to really develop language proficiency skills in terms of comprehension, vocabulary and research skills due to limited usance of the language in everyday l ife. The instructional problem that arises therefore, is how to build on the existing language knowledge of English and implement a information scheme that hones English literacy skills allowing the participants to develop the ability to use oral and written English for daily needs, develop basic conversation skills and vocabulary, and use simple sentence patterns.The training is based on cognitive learning theory in which learners are mentally active participants in the teaching-learning process. Mental activity in the learners occur when they withstand prior knowledge to new problems and search for meaning in new information. The instructional problem relates to a cognitive domain performance issues that can be solved by training. The goal of instructional programs is to build knowledge and skills that can be re-used for later learning or in various life situations, much(prenominal) as career. ESL training to help improve academic performance

Successful Business Venturer Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Successful Business Venturer - Personal Statement Example foresightedness or vision as Silbiger suggests. To do this, atomic number 53 has to have a good grasp of the total environment both internal and external, where his/her business operates. Thus, one has to be a wide-reader and must be always abreast of the developments and changes around him to foresee and anticipate what is yet to come. He must realize that these changes would have an doing on his business one way or the other.Likewise, in any endeavor -- be it personal or professional -- commitment is very often important. Coupled with strong will and desire to do a particular task no matter what, is a sure key to success in business. Because through commitment, one gives not only his time and effort but the entire being of the person to ensure that a particular venture is accomplished. This in turn, develops trust from clients and co-members of the organization.Another characteristic needed is management skills of which c ommunication and persuasion are very much related. Management and leadership studies always underscore the splendor of clear and respectful communication within business organizations. Persuasion that is achieved through effective communication is important for businesses in dealing with their clients/customers as well.I moot all these three traits are present in me.

Buyer- open to buy 1,214,000 for retail store- demographics Essay

Buyer- open to buy 1,214,000 for retail store- demographics - Essay ExampleIn view of the various demarcationes available, I would like to deal with the women business suits during the spring season. This is because business suits are widely accommodated by the general population. Bloomingdale business store located in New York is my business venture. It is a business that delivers an awesome world-class get wind in retailing. It showcases a brand portfolio and represents latest and desirable merchandise throughout main and stores at home alike (Donnellan 17). Ladies suits can generate more gain unlike the casual wear that is only for a youth and cannot be worn during the spring season at various occasions. The store deals in the ladies suits and separates. These take on suiting, dresses, statement jackets, skirts, layering pieces and pants. The goal of any business start up or an established one is to make profits. Consequently, I would deal in designs that would bring in more p rofits in my operations. Taking into consideration the spring season, the ladies are to cover their bodies for warmth and still ensure that they are more trendy and decent. in that respect is an upcoming trend in the mode of dress for all ladies to become decent and my customers would not be left aback either. There is much dish aerial in decency and smartness. The premises that are utilise in business should be cheap in the form of the rent paid so that it cuts on a number of costs. There should always be a careful inspection and analysis of all business costs that may be affected by the business location. The order to buy meat will act as the capital for the merchandise business. The order to buy amount will be used to buy grey suits, blue suits, gray pinstripe suit, skirt suits, dress shirts, and black suits. This is to be able to satisfy the need of the many customers available. The order to buy amount will be divided proportionately to avail the stock. The merchandise is ma de in the European tropical wool so that it fits the spring season. It is of great

QUALITY FROM THE CONSUMER'S PERSPECTIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

QUALITY FROM THE CONSUMERS PERSPECTIVE - Essay ExampleThe research proposal has brought out the rendering of terms like bore, and quality and customers linear perspective. The variables that influence the scholarship of quality have been discussed. The concept of boutique hotels has been discussed briefly afterward which information about the smaller hotels has been brought out. The research method and approach has been discussed at length and the questionnaire formulated based on the information about quality and perception of quality by the customer. Both primary and secondary data would be collected and the research design has been discussed. The service sector and the smaller hotels have been elect because this could help the hotels to change their marketing strategies and adopt a long-term approach.Achieving quality has become a global issue as more and more organizations elbow grease to enhance quality of their product or service offerings. To day in any sector, in any re gion, it is not enough to provide good quality product or service. Quality is not perceived as a strategy and not merely to make profits. The quality has to be measured from customers perspective and this requires understanding the requirements, expectations, preferences and experiences of consumers (Stern et al. 2003). Quantitative and qualitative feedback from consumers is a critical component as it helps the managers and decision-makers to assess their strategy and improve performance. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards (1999) advocates strong quality taper within all processes at all levels and it has now been recognized to apply equally to service enterprises including tourism and hospitality, healthcare and education.The hospitality industry has been trying and vying to curl up repeat customers and for this they need to have a quality approach to customer needs and expectations. This suggests that customers perspective could guide the industry in enhancing the serv ices. Douglas

Recent Case in ICT area where UK or EU regulators have intervened Essay

Recent Case in ICT area where UK or EU regulators have intervened - Essay Exampleosal was to switch its existing leash free to air channels with a line up of premium channels that would be available using a modern specification digital-terrestrial set-top box (Lee, 2007). Ofcom was however reluctant to allow Sky TV the license and regulatory approval it was seeking to achieve the above stated target area and permit a change in its licensing terms.In response to Sky TVs application for the change in its licensing terms, the UK regulator Ofcom pointed out that if such(prenominal) a license was allowed to Sky TV, it could squeeze out smaller competitors such as Setanta and BT Vision. It offered the view that the granting of such a license would require a oftentimes more broad based investigation into the entire pay-TV market, which would also take into account, issues raised by Sky TV in promoting its proposition, as well as other factors in the external environment that could be detrimental to the market in general (Prosser, 2008). The major advantage that Sky has projected in its proposal is the greater choice that consumers would be able to have in their viewing choices, thereby giving rise to a superior quality and level of TV service. The broadcaster was already in a plum position, because it had the first right to broadcast Hollywood movies and most premium sporting events (Lane, 2010). The opposition offered to its proposals to convert freeview into stipendiary for TV came from its rivals such as Setanta and Top-up TV, who contended that Sky was already in a dominant position in the market and granting such permission and license to the guild would turn it into a monopoly that would inhibit free and fair competition in the marketplace.The investigation and negotiations have continued over a long period of three years and appear to have finally concluded in a compromised solution. i.e, Sky would be required to offer its premium sports channels to oth er TV stations offering pay-per-view packages, but in return would allow Sky to gain access to some of the

Interview analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview analysis - Essay ExampleInterviewing Joe, a native resident of Florida, whose archeozoic childhood witnessed the effects of Cuban immigration, gave me an insight to the situation back then. It also interested me that what opinions, today after so many years do these locals bewilder regarding the immigrants.Talking ab start Joes early life, he told me he was born in 1959 in Coral Gables. The house he was born in belonged to his scrams parents which they had bought in 1953. Soon his parents moved out, buying a new house and were not living with Joes grandparents anymore. Out of the three houses he lived in, his oldest house, in a further west location, was declared unincorporated during the 1960s.Recalling the name change of the county from Dade to Miami-Dade which was accompanied with the voting of several people exercising their home rule powers, Joe called it oneness big change in my life. Joe agreed that the name change validated the acknowledgement of Miami as being internationally recognized and that Miami-Dade County is the most popular County in Florida. He believes that during his lifetime, Miami has become more internationally accessible with loads of immigrants flocking in and people of different races seeking residence in here.I proceed the conversation, delving further into the topic of immigrants which he brought into discussion. I asked him that living in Miami-Dade County since his childhood his interactions with immigrants, specifically Cubans may have been numerous. To this, he started narrating me what had happened on the arrival of two Cuban immigrants when he was in primary school. The whole school threw them a party, welcoming them, since they were the very first Cubans to come to his class and school, Joe told as he indulged in a recollection of memories from his childhood with a smile on his face. I was curious to ask him whether they were very good friends with him or not. On my inquiry Joe let out a little laugh and told me that yes

Whole Food Plan Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Whole Food Plan Book - Essay eccentricDuring the year 2005, the sales were 1.3 million which rose to 1.7 million in the year 2007. Although market capitalization is rising, the profit margin has reduced considerably over the prehistorical three years.The stores operated by the company are approximately eight years of age it is young age in a grocery industry. The stores are averagely close to 30,000 sq. ft. As reported in the year 2006, among 180 stores of the company 113 were larger or 30,000 sq. ft. The physical resources are newer as the company.Human resource of the company is lettered and well trained they strive for a better customer experience. The payroll, bonus and other benefits of the staff have been increased during the year 2004 to 2005. Employee of the company are motivate by mission statement of the company and feel proud to be a part of the team that supports organic and natural sustenance. The staff feels good nigh their job as they are contributing towards the betterment of the society.Whole Foods Market is a supermarket chain specializing in providing its customers with natural and organic foods of the highest quality on the market. son una empresa con unos muy altos estndares de calidad en todo lo que hacen ya lo largo de sus 3 dcadas de historia se han convertido en el lder mundial en su sector. They are a company with in truth high quality standards in everything they do and along its three decades of history have become the world leader in this sector.1. Unmet needs Usually the food items sold as suitable for children, young and adults are not only grain-based foods, but often they have a high content of salt and usually high sugar content. In the defense of this allegation, it is always said that high sugar and salt is due to demand in certain countries and not in others. In order to promote the concept of healthy eating, it was necessary to create awareness among consumers about the magic of less processed

History Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History Book Review - Essay ExampleRosie the Riveter, often depicted as someone in overalls and a bandana, is portrayed as a woman of confidence and strength. The book effectively represents Rosie as a very womanly character who maintained her femininity despite being almost on the button the opposite of how wo custody were stereotyped during that period. One can say that this concept of the Rosie image served as a model to mobilize women to take on factory jobs that the men left behind. She was portrayed almost as a superwoman of that age. She produces things that are superior to what any regular woman can do. She is beautiful and glamorous, muscular and strong. She has to be unalike from the typical American housewife yet maintain something in her that most American housewives would admire and want. She symbolizes the principle that production and work have nothing to do with gender. Rosie the Riveters whole essence is about change, and for this, she has several unions adopting h er image as their symbol and was wholeheartedly embraced by the American working class women.In the book, author Penny Coleman expounds on the details of the efforts done by women for the work force during the World War II. They took over industrial works that were usually speechless for men while these men were away for the war. It was very efficiently written and focused, which is one good factor since it aims to educate mostly the young readers. The contents of a written work can usually be disregarded if the writing style is too much for the young minds. That is not the case in this book.It is alike clear that the author skillfully delved into the changes that greatly impacted these womens lives even beyond their own homes. Coleman included several first-hand details that depicted the different forms of struggles these women went through with(predicate) before, during, and after the shift from being housewives or working womens jobs to the more male-dominated roles.Rosie the riveter Women

Article # 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article 1 - Essay ExampleThere has been a need by health carefulness providers to eliminate duplication, reduce hospitalizations and improve coordination this has also played a role in escalating equal of financing health care operations. Introduction of point-of-care management slipperiness has been crucial in lowering the operational cost in health care facilities as there are few hospital readmissions. Anna (2012) indicates that the strategy has wedded solid return on investments.Health care providers with strong market heft can negotiate better on high physician go, opposed independent doctors. Despite efforts to conserve energy, there is still a high rate of energy consumption by health care providers, this leads to escalating operational cost because energy is a necessity in the provision of health care (Anna, 2012).Making a personal opinion, the health care facilities will cut put down their operational cost by changing their business model to accommodate the changes i n technology and the high patient rate. On a rather arbitrary note, there has been a downwards forecast on the spending of Medicare, and this trend will continue for life sciences. Health care operations costs be in possession of been on the hike rating the increase at about 50 percent. Partnering by the health care providers would help lower costs and the quality of services (Anna,

Warwickshire Cricket Club Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Warwickshire play Club - Assignment ExampleThis meeting resulted in the formal establishment of the present Warwickshire County Cricket Club for the most significant reason that Birmingham cricket was growing apace.The Warwickshire County Cricket Club is amongst the eighteen major county clubs which form the English domestic cricket expression corresponding to the historic county of Warwickshire. It has a limited-overs team called as the Warwickshire Bears, and their kit-colors are blue and gold. It is resident in Edgbaston Cricket Ground in south Birmingham, which consistently is prudent for hosting Test and One Day International matches.In the early on, Warwickshire made use of the information from a range of databases to mass mail fans regarding the upcoming matches, countersign and offers. Many a times, there occurred duplication of the information or missing of the data. With such an inaccurate hold on the data, it was quite intricate for them to assemble mart intelligence, and obtain a lucid demographic of their fan-base because each of the department would hold a distinct profile. As a result, the evaluation of true success of a marketing campaign was challenging enough to attain. The teams faced enormous problems in the IT, ticketing, sales, finance and marketing departments in order to efficaciously utilize the vast bill of lore stored in these databases. The formation of tailored-lists and attendee profiles was another time-depleting and cumbersome process. Jonathan Cockcroft who was the Marketing Manager at Warwickshire County Cricket Clu

WSUD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WSUD - Assignment ExampleBefore the urban development the piddle used to get soaked in water and was recycled easily by atmosphere. nevertheless it contributed to land enrichment. In addition to causing pollution, storm water can cause streams erosions and change magnitude flooding.Moreover increased flooding conditions cause property stultification due to the chemicals and pollutants that get dissolved in the water flood. Thus it is becoming a source public health risk. Even though safety measures argon being taken, but still there a high risk of public safety getting compromised.The storm water can also croak a source of pollution after heavy rainfalls. In many countries much(prenominal) as USA and UK some regulations have been set to prevent such cases. Water runoff is a serious problem in Asian countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh where there is unusually great amount of rainfalls during the monsoon period. The conditions of the drainage system in the above mention ed countries are below average. A design for the storm water management in these countries is yet to be produced. The new constructions are also make the situation worst due to the fact that new roads designed are not given the proper slopes to get rid of the storm water runoff problems.The contributing drainage region establishes the boundary restrictions for the flow of runoff - from the highest elevations to the lowest point of elevation. Some of the impacts of the development on hydrological cycle include increased greenback discharges of runoff compared to pre-development levels, Increased volume of runoff formed by each storm in comparison to the pre-development situation, decreased time in which runoff reaches the stream, chiefly if extensive drainage changes are made.There are limitations in conventional stormwater management system because it only focuses on transportation and reduction of peak flow. The concept of conventional stormwater drainage

A7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A7 - Assignment ExampleWhen talking about permanent employment, public employers run through a obligation to provide the employees with a secure and predictable retirement forge. This is because the employer will most likely locomote with the employee for all his or her working years until he or she retires. In this perspective, the employer has the chance to plan with the employee for his or her retirement based on the position that the employee holds in the organization (Walsh, 2006). Even where the employee may leave the place of work for another place or be fired because of misconduct, the employer still has a business to provide a secure plan so that the employee knows this beforehand. The plan seat be cancelled when the employee leaves ahead of time.Public employers do not have a responsibility to provide employees with a secure and predictable retirement plan where the employee works for a short-term contract or where the organization offers employment only on short-term contract plans. In this perspective, it will be baffling to provide such a plan because the employee will not stay with the company until they retire.As much as the public employer might have the responsibility to provide employees with a secure and predictable retirement plan, employees must also plan for themselves because the organization might close down any time deep down the employment period because of money problems or other issues. This would definitely put pressure on the employee in case he or she did not have a proper retirement plan.Comment on first thread the writer comments on the issue in an excellent manner because he associate current practice to past practice. He also links the issue with the current problems making it difficult for retirement plans to work.Comment on thread cardinal while the second thread is short, the writer offers reasons as to why he feels that public employers should provide their employees with a secure and predictable retirement plan. The

Discussion question-essay Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion question-essay - Coursework ExampleOutsourcing projects and hiring more laborers from India in telecommuting arrangements can tending HP lower its cost structure. Another way to reduce costs is by sourcing materials from low cost nations such as China.One of the main reasons that pot think that the acquisition of EDS by Hewlett Packard would not work is due to differences in organizational culture. Organizational culture can be defined as the system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members (Schermerhorn and Hunt and Osborn). The culture of HP is relaxed and casual style, while EDS has a military discipline and grave culture. Since the dominant culture, Hewlett Packard, is the easy going relaxed one it should not be difficult for EDS employees to buy in to such a culture. The use of change way will also be critical into shaping the new organization. Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, and above all, consultation with, and involvement of, the slew affected by the changes

Traditional versus Online Shopping Essay Example for Free

Traditional versus Online Shopping EssayThrough the innovations of technology, human activities changed. applied science has indeed influenced the daily lives of men. Impossible things were made possible. Complicated and tiresome jobs were made easy done technological gadgets and internet. Convenience and efficiency atomic number 18 indeed the barricade purpose of these technological innovations. One aspect of life that is significantly influenced by internet is shopping or purchasing. In shopping people can straight off choose between traditional and online shopping. Traditional shopping is the usual way people buy their items which is in supermarket or stores, firearm online shopping is done through internet. Meanwhile, traditional shopping is also referred as brick-and-mortar store (Olsen, 228) Both serves a purpose of catering the needs of buyers and at the same time profit from the dealings. In addition, both kinds of shopping offers advantage and disadvantage to the buyers. There are some similarities of the brick-and-mortal and online stores. As to availableness, buyers can buy at any time of the day and night. callable to competition some stores open and serves 24/7, even during holidays. Shopping online can also be done at any time by hardly browsing through the website. However, they differ in many ways. As to physical location, a space, store or warehouse is very important for traditional shopping, while online store do non need such space (Olsen, 235). For the buyers convenience, online shopping offers more than traditional shopping. In traditional shopping, the buyer need to go to supermarkets or stores, while in online shopping, the buyer just need to go to the URL or marketing site of the seller. Moreover, as to availability, some stores are open simply within opening hours, while online shopping is available at anytime and anywhere (Olsen, 235). Besides online shopping do not require transportation to the advantage of the custome r. In traditional shopping, the buyer can see, hold, try, and test the items while online shopping only offers the buyer to see and read the description of the product (Olsen, 235). The products will directly be presented to brick-and-mortar store while it is done indirectly in online shopping. In addition to online shopping, customers are able to easily browse the types of the products, compare the features and prize to others, and check its availability (Grewal, 5). Thus, searching is made easier, convenient, and effective. Moreover, time and effort of the customer is saved in online shopping. As to product information, the buyer needs the service of a staff to serve his queries. However, in online shopping, any excess information or inquiries is available on page or by hypertext links (Olsen, 235). Payment method also differs. In traditional shopping, payment is done manually and can the products are paid in cash, check, credit card or store card (Olsen, 235). In online shopping , the transaction is done automatically and is paid through a credit card (Olsen, 235). In delivering the product, the buyer in traditional shopping usually gets the product at the time he purchases it. In online shopping, the customer has to wait for days before he would really enjoy the product he bought. For impatient people, online shopping is not suited for them (Olsen, 235). Sometimes, in online shopping, the customer receives a copy or similar to the description he required. Furthermore, online shopping can be stressful because the customer pays additional fees such as shipping and bank charges. In a customer and seller relationship, traditional shopping is more beneficial. In online shopping, the merchants cannot be seen by the merchants (Philosophe.com, n. pag.). Customers cannot trudge in stores, and they only have access to the presentations in the website (Philosophe.com, n. pag.). On the other hand, in traditional shopping, the customers can build relationship with the staff of the store and aver that the products they choose are quality guaranteed. In ascertaining the type of shopping needs, it is important to weigh the benefits to be gained. It is also essential to consider the practicality of each type of shopping. These are merely alternatives but the buyer has his freedom to purchase the way he wants.Works citedGrewal, Dhruv, Iyer, Gopalkrishnan. R., Levy, Michael. Internet retailing enablers, limiters and market consequences. Journal of Business Research 57 (2002) 703-713.Olsen, Kai, A. The Internet, the Web, and Ebusiness Formalizing Applications for the Real World. Scarecrow Press, 2005.Online vs Traditional Shopping. Philosphe.com. 5 July 2008 http//www.philosophe.com/commerce/traditional.html

Language of Hysteria Essay Example for Free

Language of Hysteria EssayDuring the 1690s, there was a mass hysterical neurosis due to beliefs of the beingness of witches. With this fact came the capital of Oregon Witch Trials which occurred in Salem Village, Massachusetts. A young child began to exhibit abnormal behaviour and so she was taken in to be examined, they found nothing that could cause her to behave in such a manner. The entire village began to bratk and started praying to God to get rid of evil. Conspiracies began to take rise in the village that made the villagers believe that there were witches in their village. Three women were accused of having relations with the Satan. Accusations grew larger and soon there were people who were tried and were killed. These events led to the Salem Witch Trials. The hysteria grew and began to worry people of high standings and soon the assumptions of witchcraft ended. Due to misconceptions and assumptions the Salem Witch Trials began. During the 1930s there was a mass hyste ria of alien invasions. This became known as the War of the Worlds radio broadcast sent out by Orson Welles.Welles adds in effects that could cause the people to go into a state of panic. He got the idea from H. G. Wells novel The War of the Worlds. Bad timing became the cause of this mass hysteria. Due to the fact that during those times many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) people had radios and most families were listening to popular shows and by the time they got to Welles they were not able to listen to his introduction. They heard music being interrupted and surprise news of explosions and other sounds that exemplify an alien invasion.The people that tuned in to the radio broadcast late misunderstood and developed a fear and this one of the many causes of the mass hysteria in the 1930s. During the 1690s and the 1930s there mass hysterias like the Salem Witch Trials and the War of the Worlds radio broadcast that caused people to go into panic. These panic attacks were due t o misconceptions and misunderstandings. The connection between these two mass hysterias is that the people misunderstood in both situations and caused them to start to panic. These two events have the common factor of how the events occurred.

Styles of Two Great American Writers Essay Example for Free

Styles of dickens Great American Writers EssayA spellrs style distinguishes him from other compilers. The style a writer uses to write a tier clearly indicates the tone of a story,vital for the contributor to understand the story. The style of a writer is made up of different traits and characteristics used to write the story. These traits and characteristics include and are not limited to symbolism, characterization, and other elements. When evaluating a literature piece for style one should analyze the following five elements phrase, images, details, diction, and sentence complex body part. Two well-known American writers with completely different styles are Ernest Heming bureau and William Faulkner. Hemingway and Faulkners similarities and differences in style become apparent when comparing and contrasting two of their famous utterly stories, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway and Barn Burning by William Faulkner. Diction involve word choices a writer make s for his story. These word choices may be used to achieve an overall feeling from a indorser toward a story. Diction in like manner reflects the writers attitude toward his subject.Ernest Hemingways choice of choice of language in A Clean, Well-Lighted Place are simple wrangle that directly mean what they stand for. Hemingway uses simple, less complex words to describe some(prenominal) characters and setting. Examples of diction usage for setting are found in the title, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place (Hemingway 141) and pleasant (Hemingway 143). The two waiters describe the customer as a clean old man a good client (Hemingway 141). Hemingways choice of diction was blunt and to the point. The diction usage does not let the reader get funny ideas or leeway to think anything other than what Hemingway says.This element of Hemingways style reflects when the unripened waiter states the old man is d coverk (Hemingway 141). The young waiter does not suggest he was tipsy or that he seemed intoxicated, he simply meant he was drunk. Hemingway uses the Spanish word for nothing, nada (Faulkner 145) to substitute words from the Lords prayer, in the old waiters speech of despair and loneliness to interre posthumous the theme. Building a sympathetic feeling from the reader toward the characters way of seeing his lonely world as nothing, was Hemingways intention in doing so.In comparison to Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkners use of diction involves more complicated words due to the fact theyre slang and misspelled. Some misspelled words and slang are kin hisn and hit (Faulkner 145) which stand for the words can, his, and it. The reason for the use of a secondern accent as diction is to set the mood of where the story takes place. Racist slurs such as nigger (Faulkner 146) also make up the diction of the story. Such racist slurs are used to build a certain attitude toward the character who says them.Faulkner describes Abners walk as stiffly (Faulkner 146) which also affect s the readers feelings about a character. Sarty uses the word bovine (Faulkner 152) to describe his fat sisters. For many readers who are not familiar with the south or the last century the complex word usage in Barn Burning mean many things and nothing at times, this affects the readers attitude toward the story as a whole. The overall use of language in an entire story also makes up the writers style. diametric types of language would be formal or informal, scientific or abstract, etc.There are no rules to correct language for a writers style. A Clean, Well-Lighted Place uses informal and conversational overall language. Incomplete statements and fragments that cast full scenes in form of conversation create informality of the story . He hung himself with a rope. (Hemingway 142) Also, a device Hemingway uses when a characters pauses and then speaks again in the following line make up the informal language. Hes drunk now, he said. Hes drunk every night. (Hemingway 142)The langua ge used in Barn Burning by William Faulkner includes colloquial, informal, with some interior monologue. The gray drawl creates a particular colloquial dialect. Naw, he said. Hit dont hurt. Lemme be. (Faulkner 147) Interior Monologue also makes up the element of language. I could run on and on and never look back, never need to see his face again. (Faulkner 155) is Sartys interior monologue. Faulkner uses interior monologue to prove Sarty was not allowed to excerpt himself freely out of fear.The sentence structure used in a story has an impact on the readers attitude. The sentences may be coordinate in a variety of ways to get certain points and feelings across. Types of sentence structure include short, long, simple, complex, and even interrupted sentences. Sentence structure in Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place includes regular speech patterns. This would include short, choppy, simple and direct sentences. Examples of these types of sentences include, He has plent y of money. (Hemingway 141) and Nothing. (Hemingway 141) Hemingways sentence structure also includes long, mixed but simple sentences. In the day the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. (Faulkner 141) Formal, complex and long drawn-out sentences make up the sentence structure in Barn Burning by William Faulkner. Faulkners style, most of the time formal and excessively detailed, creates sentences extremely complicated that many times the best way to understand them is to go back and reread the sentence.The boy, crouched on his nail keg at the back of the crowded room, knew he smelled discontinue, and more from where he sat he could see the ranked shelves close-packed with the solid, squat, dynamic shapes of tin cans whose labels his stomach read, not from the lettering which meant nothing to his mind but from the scarlet devils and the silver curve o f fish-this, the cheese which he knew he smelled and the hermetic meat which his intestines believed he smelled coming in intermittent gusts momentary and brief between the other constant one, the smell and hotshot just a little of fear because mostly of despair and grief, the old fierce pull of blood. (Faulkner 145) The five basic elements interrelate to create the style of a writer. After the reader understands style, the tone and the true meaning of a story become apparent. The style of both Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner are different with only a few similarities. One style (Hemingway) being simple and to the point, the other (Faulkner) complicated and full of details.Although the differences are many, one apparent similarity is the informality in the overall language of both stories. Neither style ranks better than the other. The reader changes the value of each style depending on what they appreciate reading.

Self Education and Self Development

self-importance Education and Self DevelopmentINTRODUCTIONThis assignment will examine the definition of self analysis, self development, free burning self development, their magnificence and how it influences ones rising cargoner as a managing director. Self analysis and continuous self development has been described in different contexts and topics by mixed authors and the best way to understand its complexity is by been aw are of oneself.Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell (2007), describes self development as a individualalized development, with the person taking primary province for their own learning and choosing the means to achieve this. In identifying developmental call for it is main(prenominal) for one to explore this six sources which are calculate itself, self criticism, feed backbone from former(a)s, individual(a) psychometric and self diagnostic measures, organisational metric and lastly professional metrics (Megginson and Whitaker, 2003).Mumford (1993) believes that self development is an attempt to improve managerial powerfulness through and through a learning play.Burgoyne (1999) suggests that developmental aspect of ones career is almost how you change, learn and develop the knowledge, abilities and value that you acquire through twain formal and informal learning.Argyris (1985) maintains that the access to self development is locked from inside and no one sewer develop anyone precisely themselves. At the same clipping,, the importance of self development to managers will be identified. Firstly, self development helps manager to continue to grow up to the best that is within them (Warren, 2001). Secondly, self development helps managers to develop their acquisitions, knowledge and insight by overlap experience with others (Mumford, 1993).By contrast, awareness is defined as a process that helps us to move from unconscious to conscious incompetence (Routledge and Carmicheal, 2007) which seems to play an important image in lea rning.Self analysis can be seen as a process that deals to self awareness. In managing an organisation, it is important for you to be open to manage yourself in the lead you can manage others (Pedler and Boydell, 1999). It is believed that an individual that is self aware has a better understanding of his or herself.Goleman (1998) proposes that self analysis is a candid superstar of our personal strength and limits, a clear vision of where we need to improve, and the ability to learn from experience.Furthermore, Telford (2006) claims that from the moment we are born and first reach out to other forgiving beings we begin the lifelong process of laborious to make sense of ourselves, others and our relationships.Self awareness is a hallmark of effective managers (Caproni, 2005). He went further by axiom successful managers know what they want, understand why they want it and have a plan of action for getting it. Additionally, Goleman (1998) states that self awareness is erudite ones internal state, preferences, resources and intuitions.However, the importance of self awareness to manager will be identified. Self awareness helps managers to regulate and control their emotions and have a better understanding of the emotions of others (Goleman, 1998). Peter (1987) suggests that self awareness helps manager to have an orientation toward change.It is important for managers to continuously develop their selves in order to have a competitive advantage over their competitors in the business world. A managers character is a conferion of his or herself which has a direct impact on the motion of an organisation. To achieve sizeable organisational performance, a manager needs to be aware and learn about his or herself which is through self development (Burgoyne, 1999).The notion of continuous development is based on the Japanese concept of kaizen which means change for good or for better (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005).Continuous development is an approach to manag ement and it is define as learning from real experiences at work (Wood, 1998).However, it is crucial to look at what management is in different contexts by different authors.According to Armstrong and Stephens (2005) management is concerned about deciding on what to do and then getting it done through people and use of effective resourcesAdair and Allen (2003) believes that management is about running the business in steady state condition, the solar day to day administration, organising structure, establishing systems, controlling especially by financial methods.In the same, Cole (2004) proposes that management is the ability of an organisation to effectively plan and bring the plan into blaze through the help of employees.Mintzberg (1989) in his own work went into details of the qualities a good manager must possess and this overwhelms interpersonal converse, being well advised and being able to make decisions for an organisation. It is seems that people do not understand th e difference between manager and a leader. Management involves coping with complexity, while leadership is about coping with changes (Kotter, 1990). Covey (1999) claims that management focus on doing things right while leadership focus on doing the right thingsCONCLUSIONTo be an effective manager in future, it is important to be knowledgeable and understand that business environment is constantly changing, you learn to change rather than become a victim of change (Pedlar, Burgoyne and Boydell, 1986).Clifford and Thorpe (2007) agrees that learning needs to be continuous because of the pace of change and an organisation that do not learn faster than the rate of change in the environment will eventually die.After reviewing books, articles and journals by different authors on self development, self awareness, it can be argued that self development, self awareness and continuous self development are essential to ones future career.Summary of critical incident (use detailed critical inc idents from your module activities, residential weekend, past experiences etc)What happened, or what did I do?During the residential weekend, the critical incident was building of tower of Toki. My job was sorting of symbols on the cards and explaining the process to my team up up members. I also contributed in calculating the number of moves for the building of the tower of Toki by representing the moves with different denomination of coins and preparation of the proposal by extracting the cost per each blocks. Although we did not win the contestation but I learned what is called team sprit from the way the team members believed and encouraged one another.How does this reflect the findings of your chosen self analysis toolkit?Behavioural traits of individual can fit into team roles (Belbin, 2004). establish on Belbin result my preferred roles in a team are that I am a completer finisher, resource researcher, team worker and implementer.Being a completer finisher means painstaki ng, conscientious, anxious, searches out errors and omissions and also to deliver on time. This charges reflected in my person during the building of tower of Toki at the residential, where my team members ran out of ideas and decide to setback and abandon the task. I took up the challenge of making sure that the task was completed by spending more time in calculating the number of moves for building of the tower of Toki and also submitting our proposal at the right time.This brings me to the role of a resource investigator. A resource investigator is an extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative, explores opportunities and develops contacts. This also reflected in my attitude at the residential during the sorting of cards for the tower of Toki, some of my team members had communication problems as we are all from a different cultural background I had to explain the card process as many times as possible to my team members before they could understand. I was able to communicate effecti vely and I also develop contacts with all my team members and my various facilitators.Being a team worker means co-operative, mild, perceptive, and diplomatic, listens, build, averts abrasion and these attributes also reflected in my person during the residential weekend when one of my team members was giving her ideas, I gave her my audience and I showed interest in the message she is trying to pass to the team even when everybody seems not to understand what she was saying because of the communication barrier I was tact and skilful dealing with all my team members.The feedback that I got at the residential during different task from my various team members and my facilitators support my stated preferred Belbin roles, based on this feedback it appears that Belbin report is quite reliable.What are the implications for future career or personal developmentAccording to my Belbin result, I realized that I am more of people and action oriented person which was supported by feedback fro m my team members and facilitators at the residential weekend. As a future manager being action and people oriented person appears to be good qualities because managers are concerned with dealing with people and making decisions (Armstrong, 2008).The implication of these attributes is that I will be able to build relationships, develop networks, manage people and bring on contact with my workers.Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell (1986) suggested a number of qualities or attributes of a successful manager which are social skills and abilities, creativity, self knowledge, proactively and so on. However, I need to work on my creativity to be a successful manager to be able to make effective and efficient decisions which I also got feedback on during the residential weekend.Self Analysis Toolkit _____JOHARI WINDOW________Summary of critical incident (use detailed critical incidents from your module activities, residential weekend, past experiences etc)What happened, or what did I do?During my high school days, I never use to talk or share my ideas because I was shy, not confident about myself, like keeping to myself and I am an introvert. I was everlastingly avoiding any form of publicity.How does this reflect the findings of your chosen self analysis toolkit?One of the toolkits used in discovering myself is the Johari window and it is made up of four different windows which include open, blind, hidden and un cognise. I got a constructive feedback from my classmate and friends from my country using the adjective list.Based on the feedbacks from my classmate, friends from my country and personal reflection, I have been able to discover some attributes which I possessed. These attributes are friendly, helpful, kind, organized, introverted and trustpricey which is also confirmed by my adjective list result except from been calm which go in the hidden window which is not known to people.However, the feedback through adjective list was able to list some other attributes which are not known to me and these attributes are able, adaptable, brave, caring, confident, dependable, intelligent, knowledgeable, loving, matured, modest, quit, religious, sensible and shy. From my blind window I never thought about myself as been dependable, brave, adaptable and confident but Johari window has helped me discover sensitive things. It seems that studying here in united kingdom helped me to realize that I am fit of doing some things which I never thought I could do such as presentations, addressing group of people and asking questions in the classroom.From this result, I want to refer back to the attribute of dependable, it seems that Belbin result also supported this attribute because as an implementer and a completer finisher that I am, people can rely on me that a job will be done and deliver on time.Belbin identify me as a resource investigator and one of the attribute of a resource investigator is been an extrovert, although I sometimes switch my mood and i t faculty be very difficult to know which of the attribute I actually posses but it would appear that Johari window is right based on my personal reflection and feedback from people. All other attributes of been a resource investigator such as communicative, developing contacts appears that it is right because Johari window also supported it by saying that am friendly.(see Appendix 2)What are the implications for future career or personal developmentAtwater and Yammarino (1992) describes self awareness as the ability of a person to reflect on the feedback from others and imbibe it into ones evaluation. Based on my result, being shy and an introvert is what I need to work on, this I intend achieving by assessing myself and get to realize those things that I am capable of doing just as I have discover from doing presentations that I am confident. As a future manager, I need to be more open and transparent with my employees to be able to get new ideas, opinions and feedback. It seems that where there is transparency and with my qualities of been friendly, helpful it is likely to achieve high organizational performance from employees.Self Analysis ToolkitEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCESummary of critical incident (use detailed critical incidents from your module activities, residential weekend, past experiences etc)What happened, or what did I do?In my country, after undergraduate courses there is one year compulsory placement imposed by government for one to have knowledge about business environment and of course working experience. Where I did my one year placement back in my country, we have this supervisor who was so temperamental and nasty.How does this reflect the findings of your chosen self analysis toolkit?Goleman (1995) define emotional cognizance as the capability for recognizing our feelings and that of others, for motivating ourselves, managing emotions well in ourselves as well as others. Referring back to the aforementioned critical incidence, Everybody se es my supervisor as a very difficult person to deal with because of her attitude, at the initial stage her attitude towards me affect me and I was always thinking I cant cope with her and I was looking for a way to resign. Later on, I got to understand her kind of person knowing fully well that I can not change her. I had to ignore her totally making sure that her attitude towards me didnt affect my performance at work and was determined to gain experience and learn new things from other members of the organization since she has proving difficult. Bennis (1989) believes that if a leader is self aware, they demonstrate determination, farsightedness and strong convictions in their belief. The result of my emotional intelligence discovery test reveal that I have high scores in self awareness, self regulation, motivation, empathy and social skill based on my self perception which means I am aware of my emotions and their effect, I know my strengths and limits and so on. (See Appendix 3) . The result of the emotional intelligence discovery test supported the critical incidence by revealing my high scores in self regulation which means that am capable of controlling and regulating my emotions, keeping disruptive emotions, impulses in check and ability to stay calm, clear and focused when things do not go as planned.Based on the result of my emotional intelligence and the role I played in the critical incidence it appears that the emotional intelligence test is good and reliable.What are the implications for future career or personal developmentPeople are regarded as the most important resources available to managers, it is through this resource that all other resources will be managed (Armstrong, 2008). The implication of the discovery test for my future career is that I will be able to recognize peoples feelings and manage relationships with them and this might lead to the success in the organization.However, I had a low score in self esteem which means that I dont have a strong sense of my own self worth and capabilities. To be a successful manager, I need to have a strong sense of my own self worth and capabilities by having confidence and believing in my own ideas.TASK THREESTRENGTHSBased on the three toolkits, I have been able to analyze both my strengths and weaknesses. With respect to my strength, my analysis reveals that my main strength is that I am more of people and action oriented person and my strengths are helpful, organized and trustworthy Moss (1992) agrees that these are some of the qualities a manager must posses. I am also adaptable, brave, caring, dependable, modest, intelligent, matured and confident which I never thought of myself as been confident but with the help of presentations and seminars I have been able to build my confidence to a certain level. Practicing continuous reflective review to aid my learning and development process (Megginson and Whitaker, 2007).In my future career, I need to possess self knowledge thi s has been the basis of this paper and relevant professional knowledge (Boydell, Burgoyne and Pedler, 2001). All this identified strengths needs to be worked on and developed properly.WEAKNESSESMy weaknesses based on my personal reflection and constructive feedback from friends and class mate it reveals that I am shy, introverted, quite, and I sometimes dont educe my own opinion about something which means I might not be transparent or open.I am not too originative and sometimes lack confidence in my own ideas and opinion which I am trying to overcome with time. Goldsmith (2006) claims that confidence is very important for organizational and ones usage. He identified several ways of building self confidence.In order to improve on my weaknesses I have decided to believe in myself not to compare my strength or weaknesses with others, take responsibilities for my decisions and engage in activities with my classmate. I will also try to motivate myself and also be rosy (positive about something).Self development and self analysis is a good way of understanding oneself and the knowledge of it will be useful to individual who is knobbed in the process (Boydell, 1981).IMPLICATION FOR MY FUTURE CAREER DEVELOPMENTAfter analyzing my strength and weaknesses there is need to overcome my weakness to become strength and the attributes I need to work on are introverted, shy, quietness, transparency, not confident in my own ideas, views and opinion although feedback from people appears that I am confident but personally I sometimes dont believe in myself. As a future manager, identifying my strength and weaknesses seems to give me an insight of what I need to improve on and the attributes I also need to develop to be an ideal manager.As mentioned earlier on I am more of action and people oriented person which will help me in managing employees in an organization but the need to also be a cerebral oriented person is also important as a manager because a manager needs to be creative. I also want to be a better communicator because good communication across all level improves performance and aid organisational development (Darling, 2007).

Study on the Market Response to Stock Splits

Study on the Market Response to Stock SplitsThe market response to be give birth destroys is investigated with the dataset from an emerging country India for issue 2006 ring 2009. show reports fundament aloney positive degree defective give-up the ghosts on sidereal day of fragmentize execution and next craft day. lapsing analysis suggests that the reaction tidy sum be attri simplyed to liquidity assumption. The postsplit percentage point experiences pervertedly high detrimental which wipes out any positive gain during split execution. This depends mostly explained by presplit determine add-on and size of firms suggesting that the have go through a in achievement be ones suffer worst returns.In theory, inventoryingsplits are cosmetic corporate causas as they simply increase the yield of nifty shares and decrease the outlay of each outstanding share. Hence, there should be no significant burden on the value of the firm. A storage split does non chang e the revenue or assets of a company. So, germinatesplit should cause no change in price other than the adjustment warranted by the split factor. There should in any case be no change in distribution of stock returns round exdates of stock splits. Exdate refers to the date on or after which a security is traded without a previously declared dividend or distribution. However, empirical say suggests that the market world(a)ly reacts favorably to stock splits. In different developed markets, for instance, UK and US, significant positive affected returns and increase in variance and good deals of trade have been documented around stock split promulgations as well as exdates. The contradiction amid theory, which expects no change in firm value consequent to stock splits, and the reality, with scores of evidence of significant market reaction, triggers the amaze write up.In February 1981, the Indian ministry of finance issued a guideline that denomination of equity shares be fix ed uniformly at Rs.10, and that the denomination of the then make uping shares other than Rs.10 be converted into denomination of Rs.10. In a nonher guideline in January 1983, the Indian government clarified that denomination of shares of Rs.100 need not be changed to denomination of Rs.10, i.e. shares of all companies were required to be in denominations of Rs.10 or Rs.100 only. Even so, several companies converted the denomination of shares of Rs.100 into that of Rs.10 on the grounds that it generated better liquidity, as also a higher(prenominal) value for the shares. However, in March 1999, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) decided, with the objective of broadeningthe investors base, to dispense away with the requirement of standard denomination of Rs.100 or Rs.10 and gave freedom to companies to issue shares of any denomination but not below Re.1. Companies that had issued shares of the face value of Rs.10 or Rs.100 were also permitted to avail of this facility by consolidation or by splitting their existing shares. To describe benefits of splitting, a number of existing listed companies having denomination of Rs.100 or Rs.10 have split their stocks into different denominations, e.g., Re.1, Rs.2 or Rs.5, etc. These recent changes in the Indias regulatory environment expand a unique opportunity to gain further insight into the stock splits with reference to their effects on variables the likes of stock prices, return, irritability, and job p degradescript. With the increased desegregation of international markets in general and a wave of liberalization and globalization, the importance of understanding these stock gists has increased dramatically. Further, there are different capital gains tax income laws in India. Under these circumstances, splits whitethorn have different effects contrary to what has been reported in various literatures. Further more, compared to the worlds major(ip) stock exchanges, there are proportionately mor e small firms listed on Indian exchanges consequently, many firms are thinly traded. Hence, these differences between Global and Indian markets necessitate playing areaing split shells in India.The results of the range orbit shows significantly positive cumulative abnormal returns on and the next trading day after split execution, following which there is a major decline in share prices which wipes out most of the gain of the execution period. The signaling hypothesis and the trading range hypothesis do not seem to provide any explanation for the significant CAR around execution date, while the liquidity hypothesis seems to contribute significantly towards the positive CAR occurring on and immediately after the execution. The small firm hypothesis also 6 shows weak explanatory power for the change in wealth. The postexecution negative reaction is mostly explained by run up of stock prices preceding the execution, implying that the stock split has induced a revision of stocks fun damentals, probably bringing prices to a more fundamental level. 7 2. . Literature reviewThere have been numerous researches on the effect of stock splits on different parameters of capital markets. Fama etal (1969) has been the pioneering field of honor to examine the share price performance of splitting firms. Although the economic literature has not yet set up a definitive explanation for either the abnormal returns observed around the promulgation and execution dates, or the reasons why managers decide to split, different explanations, not necessarily mutually exclusive have been proposed. The more bighearted hypotheses are the signaling hypothesis, the trading range hypothesis, the liquidity hypothesis and the neglected firm hypothesis. One such research paper advocates considering the three different market efficiencies (weak form, semistrong form, and strong form) that the investor can make an above normal return by relying on public information impounded in a stock split announcement. This take on agrees that according to the semistrong form market efficiency, the stock split announcement do refer the company stock price. The study done by Desai, Jain (1997) elaborates more on longrun performance of common stock following stock splits announcement and hence concludes that the capital market doesnt fully react to the information conveyed in the stock split announcement. Considering the ignored studies of small firms, the paper examined firm portfolio of different sizes and more diversity in toll of industries. Taking a large ideal of stock information for a period of 1976 91, the research paper concluded that the market does not incorporate the full effect of the stock split announcement in the month of announcement. It is evident that managers believe that stock split results in optimal trading price of a stock that attract small investors and hence enhances liquidity. Joshipura (2008) analyse the price and liquidity effects associated with s tock split surround its announcement and execution 8 dates in Indian stock exchanges. The results suggested that though there were somewhat positive abnormal return associated surrounding announcement and execution dates of the stock split, but it reverses in just a few days after the outlet dates, and ultimately generates significant negative abnormal return in slightly longer postexecution window. It also effectuate that there was a significant improvement seen in liquidity surrounding announcement and execution dates of stock split. Desai and Nimalendran (1998) examined the effect of the change in trading activity after stock splits on volatility and spread. The results of the study show that the increase in volatility cannot be attributed solely to microstructure biases arising from the bidask bounce and price discreteness. Even after correcting for these two biases, the study found a significant increase in volatility after the split. The study also found an increase in the number of trades after the split, and the increase in the biasadjusted volatility was positively related to this increase in the number of trades. The study decomposed volatility into transient and permanent components and found that both components of volatility increase after the split. Attributing transient volatility to noise traders and permanent volatility to informed traders, the study suggested that trading by both types of traders increases after the split. Ikenberry, etal (1996) discusses that splits are use to move stock prices into a trading range to increase liquidity and that they are used by management as a signal of positive private information. The study found evidence that is consistent with the view that splits are typically used to realign stock prices to a normal trading range. The study also confirmed that splits convey favourable information, thereby validating the signaling hypothesis. It was found that market reaction was greater for small firms, low bookto market firms and firms splitting to low share prices. The study also found an inverse relationship between the presplit run up and postsplit excess returns, suggesting that the results were not attributable to momentum. 9 There are various studies devoted to studying the effect of stock splits in specific geographies. Asquith, etal (1989) examined stock splits in the US market and found that stock splits do convey earnings information. The results indicated that firms split their shares after a significant increase in earnings. Before the stock split announcement, the market expects these earnings increases to be temporary. The split announcement leads investors to increase their expectations that the past earnings increases are permanent. The study also found that the markets reaction to the split announcement cannot be attributed to expectations of either future earnings increases or nearterm cash dividend increases. Elfakhani, etal (2003) examined the market behavior surrounding stock split announcements in the Canadian market for the 19771993 period and the effect of the 2year before compared to the 2year after the announcement. Using the event study methodology, the findings indicated that positive abnormal returns exist on both the announcement days (0,1) and the 11day period surrounding stock split announcements. The results also showed that following the split event, bidask spreads decrease, while both trading volume and the number of transactions increase and so suggesting that split events enhance liquidity. Further, the study observed that earnings grow in the 2year period following split events, thus implying that split events signal future performance of the firm. Wulff (2002) investigated market reaction to stock splits using a set of German firms and in line with the US findings, found significant positive abnormal returns around both the announcement and the execution day of German stock splits. The study also observed an increase in return va riance and in liquidity after the exday. The study found that abnormal returns around the announcement day are not related to changes in liquidity, but (negatively) to firm size, thus lending support to the neglected firm hypothesis. Despite noting a substantial increase in liquidity after the split, the study did not find support for the liquidity 10 hypothesis. Menendez, etal (2003) analyzed the needs and valuation effects of stock splits in the Spanish market. The findings of the study suggest that splitting firms present a presplit stock price above the normal trading range, and that, after the split, the number of transactions and the average transaction size increase significantly. Moreover, positive abnormal returns are observed around the announcement dates and around the exdate. For the latter, however, these positive wealth effects are outweighed by the negative abnormal returns observed closely afterwards. The study found that liquidity, or the optimal trading range hypo theses prevailed over other hypotheses as an explanation for stock splits in the Spanish market. The findings of the study suggest the principal(prenominal) reason behind a stock split and for the positive market reaction around the stock split announcements is a higher share price than the normal trading range. The reduction of this higher price seems to attract small investors and thus significant increases in the number of transactions and reductions in the trading volume per transaction after the split are observed, without there being any significant variation in the volume of shares traded. This adjustment of the firms stock price to a normal trading range is valued positively by investors. Most of these studies are concentrated mainly around market reaction at the announcement date. In a study on the UK equity market, specifically concentrating on the exsplit date, Staikouras etal, (2009) has documented positive abnormal returns on and around the exsplit date which are parti ally predictable using the publicly purchasable information prior to the exsplit date. The study also observed a persistent increase in the post split volatility of the stocks in the UK equity market with this increase being better explained by the daily trading volume. This is in contrast to the US findings where the daily number of trades was found to better capture the increase in volatility. 11 In this study, the market response to stock splits is investigated with the dataset from an emerging country India, which is distanced from the west in terms of geographical location, economic development, institutional and legal framework. Not much is available in the Indian context with a focus on the exsplit date, so far, save for the commendable work by Mishra (2007), which documents negative effect on price and return of stocks following splits. The study also reports a positive effect on volatility and trading volume following the split events. The present paper tries to provide a few additional insights on the issue and therefore, differs from Mishras (2007) study in the following ways. Firstly, an attempt is made to explain the significant cumulative abnormal returns around the split execution dates with the help of regression analysis. Secondly, the independent variables cover issues like small firm hypothesis, price run up, deviation of price from market average, which are unexplored in his paper. Thirdly, the data set of the present study covers the period post Mishras study, i.e., from 2006 to March 2009.HHHHyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeesssseeees s ffffoooorrrrmmmmuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooon nTTTThhhhe e ssssiiiiggggnnnnaaaalllliiiinnnng g hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiis s The signaling hypothesis proposes that, in a scenario of asymmetric information between managers and investors, managers may use stock splits to signal positive information to the market about the firms future expectations. The presence of positive abnormal returns around the stock s plit announcement that is found in many empirical studies provides evidence for the signaling hypothesis. 12 Trading range hypothesisAccording to the optimal trading range hypothesis, stock splits are used as tools to realign the share price to a desired price range so that it is more affordable for small investors to spoil round lots of shares. If the presplit share price is at a high level, then a stock split is justified for improving the marketability of the shares. Empirical findings suggesting an increase in the daily number of transactions after the split do not reject this optimal range hypothesis.TTTThhhhe e lllliiiiqqqquuuuiiiiddddiiiitttty y hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiis s The managements motivation to bring the share price to an optimal trading range arises from the desire to improve liquidity. According to literature there is an observed increase in trading volume during the postsplit period, and hence provide support for the liquidity hypothesis of stock split s. Staikouras etal, (2009) in their study of the UK equity market document a strong and positive relationship between the measures of trading activity and the returns volatility over the preand postsplit horizons.SSSSmmmmaaaalllll l ffffiiiirrrrm m hhhhyyyyppppooootttthhhheeeessssiiiis s Small firm or neglected firm hypothesis suggests that since the smaller firms have fewer announcements published in the financial press, the split announcement is expected to create greater market interest than it would be in case of larger firms. So, small firms may have an incentive to adopt the stock splits to grab more attention.Based on the discussion above, we can lay down the objectives of this study. The study proposes to, using data from the Indian stock market, examine the presence of positive abnormal returns over the stock split 13 period and, if found to be true, to study whether the returns can beexplained using any of the hypotheses mentioned above.We formulate the following hypothese sHHHH1111 There is no significant abnormal return around the exsplit date.HHHH2222 If H1 rejected, returns are identical for all firms in sample.HHHH3333 and H2 the abnormal observed around event window 1,+1 can be attributed to publicly available information establish on one or more of theoretical hypotheses above.HHHH4444 If H3 is true, a similar explanation can be made using this data for different epoch horizons around the exdate.An event study framework is employed to test the above hypotheses. An OLS regression feigning is used for determining the factors for the occurrence of abnormal returns across the event window. 14 3333. . DDDDaaaatttta a aaaannnnd d MMMMeeeetttthhhhooooddddoooollllooooggggy y3333.1 DDDDaaaatttta a CCCCoooolllllllleeeeccccttttiiiioooon nThe basic sample is comprised of all Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) equity stocks that have split between January 2006 and March 2009. The National Stock Exchange website was used to download list of stocks that have under gone a stock split in this period. There were a tot up of 151 stock splits during the period. All financial data series for these stocks like daily closing adjusted prices, market capitalization, trading volume and market indices were downloaded from Thomson DataStream.The following criteria have been applied to include a company in the sample. i) The stock price data is available for 260 days prior to the exsplit date. ii) Data for 260 days are available for the postsplit period. iii) Where a stock has split more than once in the sample period, the first exsplit date was considered. iv) Other required financial information is available.After filtering on the basis of the above criteria, the number of firms on which the analysis could be carried out was 99.3333.2 DDDDaaaatttta a AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiis sTable 1A Table 1B below show summary statistics of the sample stocks used for this study.There is an even distribution of stock splits in each year of the sample period indic ating normal stock split activity in the Indian equity market 15 for the given period. However, analysis on a monthly basis reveals thatAugust, September and October are the most active months for stock splits, possibly indicating a preference by firms to execute the split around that time. More than 40 percent of the firms in the sample have the stock split in this period.51 split is the most common split ratio (57 firms) in the sample followed by 101 and 21 split ratios. For the 41, 61 and 52 split ratios, there is only one stock in the sample period. Therefore, summary statistics for these stocks were not calculated as any observations made would be a result of a very firm specific performance and not a general conclusion.The average price for the 21, 51 and 101 split sizes are Rs. 229.99, Rs.192.30 and Rs. 215.27 respectively. No conclusive relation between the stock price and the split ratio can be inferred from the maximum and minimum values shown below. The average marketcap for the 21, 51 and 101 split sizes are Rs. 13068.56 million, Rs. 57129.56 million and Rs. 87126 million respectively. The average market capitalization is observed to increase with higher split ratio possibly indicating that the largecap stocks are the ones that usually opt for the higher split ratio. 16 TTTTaaaabbbblllle e 1111AAAA SSSSttttoooocccck k SSSSpppplllliiiit t ssssaaaammmmpppplllle e ddddiiiissssttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuuttttiiiioooon nTTTTaaaabbbblllle e 1111BBBB SSSSttttoooocccck k SSSSpppplllliiiit t ssssuuuummmmmmmmaaaarrrry y ssssttttaaaattttiiiissssttttiiiiccccs s 17 3333.3 MMMMeeeetttthhhhooooddddoooollllooooggggy yEEEEvvvveeeennnnt t bbbbaaaasssseeeed d ssssttttuuuuddddy y Event studies start with hypothesis about how a particular event affects the value of a firm. The hypothesis that the value of the company has changed exit be translated in the stock showing an abnormal return. Coupled with the notion that the information is readily impounded into prices, the conc ept of abnormal returns (or performance) is the central key of event study methods. How does a particular event affect the value of a company? We must be careful because at any time we observe a mixture of market wide factors and a bunch of other firm events. To correctly measure the mend of a particular event we need to support for those unrelated factors. The selection of the benchmark to use or the model to measure normal returns is therefore central to conduct an event study. The empirical model can be stated as follows when an event occurs, market participants revise their beliefs causing a shift in the firms return generating process. For a given security, in non event periods,Rt = xt B + et while in event periods,Rt = xtB + FG + etRt is the return of the security in period t, xt is a vector of independent variables (for example the return of the market portfolio) in period t, B is a vector of parameters, such as the security beta, F is a row vector of firm characteristics i nfluencing the impact of the event on the return process. G is a vector of parameters measuring the influence of F on the impact of 18 the event and et is a pie-eyed zero disturbance term possibly differing inevent and non event periods. Hypotheses usually centre on the parameters that measure the influence of the event (G) and most of the multiplication F is set to unity. The null hypothesis is that such an event has no impact on the return generating process. Event study methods are the econometric techniques used to estimate and draw inferences about the impact of an event in a particular period or over several periods. The most common turn up involves three steps (1) Compute the parameters in the estimation period (2) Compute the forecast errors (and obtain variance/covariance information) for a period or over an event window aggregate across firms and infer about the average effect (3) Regress crosssectional abnormal returns on relevant features of the stock supposed to influ ence the impact of the event.In this study, the event is the split execution date, defined as day 0. The event splits the sample into two sets the presplit period and the postsplit period. The presplit period considered in this study is a period of 260 days prior to the event date (260 days to 1 day) and the postsplit period is the period of 260 days after the event date (+1 day to +260 days). This leads to a total period of 521 trading days data for each stock (including the split date) centered around the event date for that stock. In essence, all stocks are aligned according to their event timeline. The estimation window is the 220 day period from 260 to 41 trading days. A similar event based conglutination of data was performed for the other financial data namely market capitalization, market index and trading volume. In this study, the benchmark index chosen for running the regression for the market model is the BSE 100 index. The index price was also aligned according to the split date for each stock to obtain parallel market 19 return at and around the event date. The Brown and Warner (1985)methodology is applied to test for the significance of abnormal returns.Regressions to estimate the parameters of the market modelThe standard single index asset pricing model is used to estimate the market parameters ( and c). The market model used to estimate the parameters is given as belowRi = Rm + cwhere Ri expected return of stock iRm market returncconstant of regression