Canadian Trade Balance Analysis :: essays research papers

Canada     The Canadian rescue and the unite States thriftiness feast away to move together because of the amount of transactions that take place at heart the two nations due to their geographical proximity. With the United States recently experiencing a downturn in the economy, analysts estimate that the Canadian economy will not be far behind. all the same, in the past 10 years the Canadian economy and especially the trade balance have been very healthy.Current look     Since 1992, Canada has increased their amount of exports of goods year-in and year-out until slight downfalls in 2001 and 2002. However, between 1992 and 2000 they raised exports from $ one hundred thirty-five billion to $289 billion, an increase of 114%. Imports of goods withal rose systematically oer that 9 year period from $128 billion to $244 billion. The key fact there though is that imports rose only 90% compared to a rise in exports of 114%. This has allowed Canada to exercise a very healthy trade balance, which has also risen consistently except for a few decreases in 1997, 1998, and 2002. They have not run a trade balance deficit on goods once since 1992.     Canadas trade balance for go is similar to their trade balance for goods from a growth perspective, but with fewer breakdowns. Both exports and imports of services took very miserable hits in 2001. Overall, between 1992 and 2003 exports and imports of services rose 105% and 65% respectively. However with services the Canadian economy continually ran a deficit over this 12 year period.     Canadas boilers suit balance of goods and services also rose any year except for 1997, 1998, and 2002. They initially were running an overall deficit in 1992 and 1993 from a larger deficit in services than surplus in goods. The most common trend that is evident is that every trade category dropped in 2001 and/or 2002. There were no real(a) substanti al drops and the declines were quickly met with increases in the following years. It is likely that Canadas economy felt at least some of the effects of the terrorist attacks on phratry 11, 2001 because they are such a large trading partner of the United States.     The statistics indicate that Canada has primarily been an investor abroad, with substantial amounts of cash flows leaving the country. Again, both of these accounts grew about every year. Between 1992 and 1997, funds received dropped only once in 1993. Likewise, funds invested abroad dropped only once within this time musical interval in 1996.

Glaxowellcome

drive 21 The Headaches of GlaxoWellcome comply with regulations, and selling it to the remainder utilizationrs while making a master? t. In addition, in that respect is a tariff for the import of kindledelilla come up into Japan of 3. 8 per centum this is for either ? rst or second re? ned candelilla wax. FUTURE OF THE CANDELILLA WAX INDUSTRY ? According to executives of Ceras Deserticas, the next of this securities industry is mastermising. They expect growth in the future, although they they live with non do public the actual estimated growth for the commercialise. They atomic number 18 worried round the lift out path to take expediency of this growing and competitive grocery. The industry is consolidating and if Ceras Deserticas does nothing, it go out either die or be taken over. As menti adeptd in the beginning, there argon several word ventures in which U. S. companies be investing in Mexico to guarantee a steady supply of candelilla wax. Both Ceras Naci onales de Mexico and 735 Multiceras have established joint ventures with American companies. They are pursuing research and makeing to try to create a synthetic wax that can recapitulate the characteristics of candelilla wax and meet the requirements of end-users.DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Of the 3 options options presented at the beginning of ? the parapraxis, what should Ceras Deserticas do? 2. Why would Mitsuba Trading Co. be interested in a joint ? venture with Ceras Deserticas? 3. What would be the advantages and disadvantages for Ceras ? Deserticas of a joint venture? ? 4. What dodge must(prenominal) Ceras Deserticas follow in approaching joint venture? C ASE 21 THE HEADACHES OF GLAXOWELLCOME Migraine medicine is a key growth area for Glaxo Wellcome Inc. Glaxo) a Britain-based pharmaceutic go with with global operations. 1 Glaxos primary contrast is to market prescription productions to physicians and healthcare providers. Glaxo was the ? rst pharmaceutical company to manu itemure and market a revolutionary invigorated fork of prescription sick headache medicaments c every(prenominal)ed triptans. Triptans, which Glaxo launched in 1993, are a class of medicaments that work speci? c each(prenominal)y on the 5HT-1 receptor sites, which are believed by doctors to be the primary cause of megrim headaches.In mid whitethorn of 1997, Sir Benjamin Palmer, the general manager of Glaxos CNS/GI metabolous division, sat at the head of the conference table in way of life G-1 of the Glaxo Wellcome global headquarters in Stockley Park West, England. A group of 6 marketers (3 from the Professional team and 3 from the Commercial team) were staged in front man of Palmer and ii vice pre attitudents of gross gross revenue (East and West). The three of? cers listened attentively to the ? nal trade furnish that to a greater extent than 60 marketing team members had worked on for the past 19 months.The issue How to launch Naramig, Glaxos newfound (second generation) prescription megrim medicine, in the U. K. In the back of Palmers caput were the following con military opinionrations Although Naramig was considered by Glaxo to be a better triptan than Imigran, in acceptedity, there were around attributes of Naramig that were inferior to those of Imigran. It was not as if Imigran had not been thriving Glaxo had captured 91 percent of the prescription medication market share (in ? s) for megrims in the U. K. Glaxo evaluate the cheers and launch of its competitor, Zenecas ? st triptan medication (Zomig) previous to that of Naramig, and likewise, expected Zeneca to market Zomig as a second generation triptan. 8 1 Months Later 2 Early in February of 1998, a similar scene to that of 8 1 months 2 ago, in manner G-1 of the U. K. headquarters, was taking arse in a conference room located at the U. S. home of? ce in Research triangle Park, North Carolina. Mark Glackin, U. S. General Manager of Glaxos CNS/GI Metabolic division, considered several marketing options presented by the team for the U. S. aunch of Amerge, Glaxos second-generation triptan that had been marketed in the U. K. as Naramig. 2 Although Glackin had several considerations to hap in mind, various pointors and events gave Glackin a much different perspective than 1 that of Palmer 8 2 months in front How would U. K. hospitals and doctors react to Glaxos promotion of Naramig? Glaxo was apprised of the marketing outline chosen by the U. K. for Naramig and its short-term results. What was the best product lay of Naramig with respect to Imigran? This case was hustling by Jared Fontaine, Aaron C.Lennon, and Robert Moscato of the Fox School of occupancy and Management at temple University under the supervision of Professor Masaaki Kotabe for class discussion rather than to dilate either strong or in utile management of a government agency described ( two hundred1). 1 Today the company is known as GlaxoSmithKline, which was organiz e in January 2001 as the result of a merger between GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham. Zenecas Zomig had in occurrence been approve and launched in the U. K. prior to that of Naramig. The issuances of Zomig on the achievement of Naramig and Imigran were therefore available for analysis by Glackin. Just as in the U. K. , Glaxo U. S. expected the approval and launch of Zomig in the U. S. prior to that of Amerge. 2 like Amerge/Naramig, Glaxos research indicated that the secernate Imitrex would fare better than Imigran in the U. S. market. 736 Case 21 The Headaches of GlaxoWellcome demo 1 The Businiess GW Portfolio 1998 ?1,027m (+9%) ? 432m (+5%) ? 1,971m (+24%) Respiratory Viral Infections CNS ? 688m (? 44%) ? 749m (+1%) ? 1,209m (? 4%) ? 1,089m (+31%) (Migraine ? 645m) Migraine Bacterial Infections Gastro-intestinal Oncology Others % of Sales 28 17 15 9 10 10 6 14Total gross sales ? 7,165m increase of 2% Glaxo U. S. had launched the marketing promotion of Product banke rs bills Migraine Depression GI Imitrex (the U. S. brand name of U. K. s Imigran)3 Nasal Spray 5 months earlier. on pharmaceutical marketing, Glaxo U. S. could use directto-the-consumer (DTC) advertizement to promote Amerge. Unlike the U. K. , which has stricter government regulations Allergy/Immunology/Respiratory Division Product Lines Allergy/Immunology Asthma COPD COMPANY BACKGROUND GlaxoWellcome Inc. was formed in 1995 when U. K. based Glaxo Pharmaceuticals, a congressly young company, acquired U. K. pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome in a corporate coup. The acquisition make Glaxo Wellcome Inc. whizz of the top three pharmaceutical ? rms in the world with approximately 4 percent of the universal prescription pharmaceutical market. Inter body political Organization GlaxoWellcome Inc. is based in the U. K. with its oecumenical Headquarters located in Stockley Park West. As of 1997, Glaxo Wellcome Inc. had 22 local anaesthetic operating companies (LOCs) in 9 count ries of which Glaxo U. S. was one. Although based in the U.K. , the U. S. market make up approximately 40 percent of world panoptic sales, while the U. K. completely accounted for 7 percent. Due to the rigid guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Glaxos products are generally introduced ? rst in one of the other 8 LOCs before gaining approval in the U. S. The majority of R&038D and production for Glaxo takes place in the U. S. , U. K. , France, and Italy, all(prenominal) having both(prenominal) an R&038D unit and manu pointuring plants. organizational Structure/Product Lines The organizational structure of Glaxo Wellcome in both the U. K. and the U. S. s based around its 3 divisions and the product lines within severally of those divisions human immunodeficiency virus/Oncology Division Product Lines HIV Cancer Glaxo sells prescription medications that fall into one of these three product lines. As of 1998, the migraine product line made up just over 9 percent of total Glaxo sales worldwide. The CNS/GI Metabolic division, of which migraine makes up 60 percent, grew 31 percent from 1997 to 1998 (see exhibit 1). THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Pharmaceuticals are generally classi? ed into two categories over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications.As of 1998, there were no OTC drugs speci? cally theorise for migraine. After a pharmaceutical medication has been developed, there are two stages approval and marketing. Approval In arrangement for a pharmaceutical company to market and sell any medication that they have developed, the product must ? rst be sanction by the individual regulatory body of each awkward (FDA in the U. S. , MCA in the U. K. ). On average it takes 12 long time for an experimental drug to travel from the lab to the medicine chest. Only ? ve in 5,000 compounds that enter preclinical testing make it to human testing.One of these ? ve tried in plurality is approved. Although each soil has Central Nervous System/G astrointestinal Metabolic Division (CNS/GI) 3 Market research showed that U. S. consumers would be more responsive to the brand name Amerge than that of Naramig. Case 21 The Headaches of GlaxoWellcome its own detail set of guidelines and speci? c procedures for approval, new medicines are generally developed and approved as follows 1. Preclinical TestingThis is the exploratory process where a pharmaceutical company identi? es compounds through in vitro (test tube) testing.The deliverable at the end of this process are compounds that can enter Phase One of clinical Testing. 2. Clinical Trials, PhasesThere are three mandatory phases of clinical trials. These clinical trials study the medicines safety pro? le, how it is absorbed and distributed, the time of its action, its ef? cacy, and side effects. 3. ApplicationFollowing the completion of all three phases of clinical trials, the company analyzes all of the data and applies for approval in the respective orbit if the data succes sfully demonstrate safety and effectiveness. The finish contains all of the scienti? info that the company has gathered. At this point, the regulatory body whitethorn request un little cultivation. 4. Approval/RefusalOnce the regulatory body completes the professional assessment of all relevant information, it either approves the application and the new medicine becomes available for physicians to prescribe, or, if unsatis? ed, refuses to soften approval. There is one important distinction between the U. S. and the U. K. in the approval stage of pharmaceuticals. In the U. S. , every medication must be approved by the FDA before it can be marketed and sold.However, because of the existence of the European kernel (EU), it is possible that a medication may be approved in member nations without macrocosm professionally assessed and analyzed by each countrys respective regulatory body. This means that if one member nations (e. g. Swedens) regulatory body approves a medication, the applying pharmaceutical company can either ask the other EU member nations to recognize Swedens approval or apply to each member nation separately. If one member nation approves a medication, then all of the countries in the vernacular Recognition procedure have the same prescribing information.However, if a medication receives autonomous approvals, then the prescribing information will be unique in each country. The difference can have an effect if applying in each country separately produces slightly different results in the trial phases (e. g. , perhaps the trials show that a medication is more effective for its desired indication during trials in the U. K. as compared to similar trials performed in Sweden). Marketing In general, products are marketed and publicize entirely toward the ? nal consumer. This makes sense since it is the ? al consumer that ordinarily has the ? nal say as to whether he/she will actually purchase the product. However, pharmaceuticals are marketed t o physicians and hospitals that in turn specify if they will prescribe the medication to their forbearing roles. U. S. vs. U. K Although it is illegal for pharmaceutical companies to boost their products at one time to patient/consumers in the U. K. , 737 in the U. S. (as of 1997) direct-to-consumer (DTC) announce is permitted. Research has shown that DTC advertising in the U. S. has a large impact on sales.The research shows that patients requests for speci? c medications marketed by speci? c pharmaceutical companies affect the companies sales to physicians and hospitals. The other major difference in the pharmaceutical industry between the U. S. and the U. K. is the extent of governmental wrapage. In the U. K. , the health care system is socialized. Doctors are paid by the government with an additional payment per patient. Everyone is entitled to impoverished checkup care under the plan, which is funded by the National Treasury and health Insurance Tax. The U. S. on the other hand, has not employed socialized medicine, although Medicare and Medicaid cover a signi? cant trigger off of the population. Instead, the U. S. health care system follows an insurance-based reporting scheme whereby individuals buy insurance from a company, which in turn pays for their medical costs. HEADACHES AND MIGRAINES Doctors classify headaches into three main types cluster headaches tension-type headaches migraines Cluster headaches are the n ahead of time painful type but as well quite rare and consequently have not twisted pharmaceutical companies a suf? cient market potential to pro? ably develop and market a medication speci? cally foc utilise on curing these headaches. Tension-type headaches, while the most prevalent, are generally capable of being combated with over-the-counter medications much(prenominal) as aspirin and ibuprofen and wherefore, likewise do not offer Glaxo a pro? table market for which to develop a prescription product. Migraines, on th e other hand, are suffered by an estimated 26. 3 cardinal people in the U. S. , 5 million people in the U. K. , and at the time of Glaxos launch of Imigran/Imitrex, were not effectively treatable with over-the-counter medications.Migraines are complicated combinations of intense pain (usually on one side of the head) and neurological symptoms like visual problems, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound, which often load the sufferers productivity and concentration and in some cases bring to pass the sufferer bedridden. In the U. K. about 18 million working old age are lost to migraine sufferers a year. In the U. S. approximately 10 million migraine sufferers were bedridden for more than 3 million age per month and go through 74. 2 million restricted activity long time per year (as of 1989). Such statistics translate to lost workplace productivity ranging from $5. trillion to $17 jillion annually in the U. S. and sick pay and second-stringer personnel costs of ? 750 million in the U. K. annually. Hence, in the primaeval 1990s, Glaxo took advantage of the market potential for migraine-speci? c prescription drugs. 4 4 At the time of Glaxo Wellcome Inc. s entrance into the market for prescription migraine medicines, although doctors were prescribing drugs for migraines, these drugs were not migraine-speci? c but rather were drugs that were developed for general pain temperance. 738 Case 21 The Headaches of GlaxoWellcome IMIGRAN/IMITREX In 1993, Glaxo Pharmaceuticals introduced in the U.K. and the U. S. , the ? rst medication (triptan) speci? cally formulated for the acute give-and-take of migraine. 6 Imitrex/Imigran when initially launched in March of 1993 was produced in injection form. In 1995 and 1997, Glaxo followed up the marketing of Imitrex/Imigran by introducing line extensions in the forms of tablets and nasal spray, on an individual basis (see Exhibit 2). Imitrex/Imigran5 uncomfortable injecting themselves). Sales of Imitrex/I migran worldwide grew from less than $350 million in the year of its introduction to more than $1 billion in 1997.Imigran/Imitrex grind Glaxo considered the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Imigran/Imitrex to be the following StrengthsImigran/Imitrex was the ? rst medication marketed toward speci? c migraine relief. Hence, Imigran/Imitrex had a hale brand assure as the market leader, and in item contend a signi? cant role in the development of the migraine market. Imigran/Imitrex was excessively a potent medication with a turn up ef? cacy it was in occurrence very successful in relieving the pain of migraine headaches. Although there were some side effects associated with the medication, Imigran/Imitrex has a proven safety pro? e. The fact that Imigran/Imitrex is offered in 3 different line extensions offers Glaxo a portfolio of relief to offer to various patients. WeaknessesThe fact that Imigran/Imitrex is a potent medication has its downside as well. Th e medication proves to be too powerful for some patients, which therefore limits its use. Moreover, Imigran/Imitrex is expensive relative to OTC products that were use to ? ght headaches. This weakness of being expensive is exacerbated by the fact that the medication has a high rate of take (a patient may need to take the drug more than once during a migraine).Although Imigran/Imitrex is proven to be safe, because of the side effects (e. g. , tightening of the chest), there is a recognition by some that the medication is not safe. OpportunitiesGlaxo matte up that having 3 product line extensions opened up the fortune to perhaps exploit Imigran/Imitrex as a medication that is right for every kind of migraine sufferer. The biggest opportunity for Glaxo and Imigran/Imitrex is the fact that the migraine market was completely underdeveloped. EXHIBIT 2 Line Extension Injection Tablet Nasal Spray U.K. 3/1993 5/1995 5/1997 U. S. 3/1993 7/1995 8/1997 These line extensions were spurred by the fact that whole a small percentage of the total 26. 3 million migraine sufferers had ever tried Imitrex/Imigran in injection form. Hence, Glaxo, even 2 years after the introduction of Imitrex/Imigran injections, viewed the potential market as wide open. The injection formulation of the product provides the extravagantest reliefas early as 10 minutes the nasal sprayas early as 15 minutes and the tabletas early as 30 minutes.Hence, Glaxo has been successful marketing the injection form of Imitrex/Imigran using a strategy of quick-relief (an aspect that is very important to severe migraine sufferers) and successful marketing the tablet and nasal spray forms of the drug using a strategy of easy and painless administration (an aspect that is important to migraine sufferers who are 5 The launch of Imigran/Imitrex came prior to the Glaxo Pharmaceuticals acquisition of Burroughs Wellcome, Inc. 6 Glaxo used the brand name Imitrex in the U. S. nd the brand name Imigran in the U. K. for the same product. Market research showed that the name Imitrex would fare better with U. S. physicians and hospitals. EXHIBIT 3 GlaxoWellcome Worldwide Migraine Franchise $m 1,200 1,000 800 600 cd 200 0 1993 Injection 1994 1995 Tabs 1996 1997 1998 Nasal Spray Case 21 The Headaches of GlaxoWellcome ThreatsThe two main threats to Imigran/Imitrex are that of competition and cannibalization. Glaxo was aware that Zeneca was close to marketing a competitor triptan called Zomig. SinceImigran/Imitrex had been on the market for over four years, Glaxo felt that Zomig would be marketed as a second-generation triptan (an improved version of Glaxos ? rst-generation Imigran/Imitrex). Imigran/Imitrex had also experienced some cannibalization effects between its 3 line extensions (see Exhibit 3). The underdevelop Migraine Market As of 1997, the fact of the matter, was that approximately 90 percent of migraine sufferers were not being medicated with a triptan (see Exhibit 4). This meant that man y people were still taking toothless OTC drugs to combat their migraine pain.Accordingly, Glaxo considered the market for triptan drugs to have great potential. 739 Exhibit 5 shows how Naramig/Amerge speci? cally compared to Imigran/Imitrex as a migraine medication. EXHIBIT 5 Imigran vs. Naramig MEASURE Speed of onset Peak skill Consistency of response Tolerability Incidence of chest pain Incidence of recurrence ORDER (best first) Imigran > Naramig Imigran > Naramig Imigran > Naramig Naramig > Imigran Naramig < Imigran Naramig < Imigran EXHIBIT 4 Migraine market = underdeveloped 48 million migraine patients 586 million migraine attacks/yearNaramig/Amerge SWOT Glaxo considered the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Naramig/Amerge to be the following StrengthsAlthough not as powerful as Imigran/Imitrex, Naramig/Amerge was effective in relieving migraine pain. Its biggest strength, relative to Imigran/Imitrex was its mildness the side effects caused by Naramig/Amerge were substantially less compared to Imigran/Imitrex, which gave it user friendly image. Its long duration of pain relief gave Naramig/Amerge a low rate of recurrence 67 percent of patients require solitary(prenominal) one dose of Naramig/Amerge over a 24-hour period.Naramig/Amerge was able to be marketed as a true second-generation triptan (an improvement on the ? rst) since Glaxo was the company that had introduced the ? rst triptan medication. WeaknessesThe major weaknesses of Naramig/Amerge were twofold. First, it had a slow onset of action. This of course would turn off patients looking for fast relief. Second, Naramig/Amerge had moreover been developed in tablet form and therefore lacked marketability in terms of line extensions. OpportunitiesThe market opportunity for Naramig/ Amerge was quite obvious.At the time of Naramig/Amerges approval, only 10 percent of all migraine attacks were being enured with triptan drugs. This meant that 90 percent of migraine s ufferers were either not being hardened at all, or treated with relatively ineffective medications. ThreatsLike Glaxos ? rst-generation triptan, Naramig/ Amerges biggest threat came from Zenecas Zomig. Although it was un spend a penny how successful Zomig would be in stealing Glaxos market share and expanding the market through sales to the untapped 90 percent, what was clear was that Zomig was likely to be approved in both the U.K. and the U. S. prior to Glaxo obtaining approval for Naramig/Amerge. COMPETITION 60 Triptan Rx = 10% 526 million Attacks Since its introduction in 1993, Imitrex/Imigran had clearly played a role in de? ning patient expectations. However, combining its awareness that Zeneca was in the process of developing Zomig and the fact that Glaxo, as a company, was always looking to bring new medications and improvements to the forefront, Glaxo had worked on developing a secondgeneration triptan of its own.Company research revealed that for a new triptan product to be successful, patients and doctors would require it to be as effective as Imitrex/Imigran but with a longer duration of pain relief and a let down side effect pro? le. NARAMIG/AMERGE Naramig/Amerge, Glaxos second-generation triptan, was actually being developed prior to the launch of Imigran/ Imitrex. 7 Amerge/Naramig, only available in tablet form, tested to have both a longer duration and a lower side effect pro? le than Imigran/Imitrex.Although Naramig/Amerge was considered by Glaxo to be a better triptan than Imigran/Imitrex, in reality, there were attributes of Naramig/ Imigran that were inferior to those of Imigran/Imitrex. 7 Glaxo, as with Imigran/Imitrex, used the brand name Naramig in the U. K. and the brand name Amerge in the U. S. for this new triptan drug. This decision was once again a product of market research. When Glaxo Pharmaceuticals acquired Burroughs Wellcome in 1995, they had already launched Imigran/Imitrex (1993). 740 Case 21 The Headaches of GlaxoWellco me However, Burroughs Wellcome was also developing a triptan of its own.When the takeover took place, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) forced Glaxo Wellcome to divest one of its triptan formulations because of just implications (i. e. , monopolization). Having already successfully marketed Imigran/Imitrex, Glaxo Wellcome of course chose to divest the triptan that Burroughs Wellcome had developed. (Burroughs only completed about 55 percent of the clinical trials. ) Zeneca purchased the rights to this incomplete triptan and ? nished the further development and application process of what came to be Zomig.Glaxo had the following assumptions about Zomig powerful means of maximising market share, Palmer was unsure of the logistics of such an approach and worried about the honourable considerations of focusing the promotion of their product in areas based on factors such as socioeconomic status. Also, Palmer considered the fact that such a strategy may overlook patient needs. 3. An A lternative Whereby Glaxo would market Naramig as an alternative to Imigran/Imitrex, (e. g. , banner different similar). The pros of the Alternative strategy were that it could detract from competitor noise, and could in fact vilipend the image of the econd-generation triptan. This latter aspect may be an effective way to combat Zomig. The biggest drawback of this strategy was the idea that if there were no clear message (in terms of the medication that was best for migraines) it could lead to surprise and hence hurt Glaxos image. 4. electrical switch Whereby Glaxo would dis push the marketing of Imigran and focus solely on Naramig. This option ? t well with the boilersuit concept that Naramig was an overall superior drug to Imigran. It would also allow Naramig to gain all the bene? s of a new compound secondgeneration, safety, and low recurrence. However, Palmer worried about the confusion that would accompany such an approach and if a Replacement strategy would devalue Glaxo We llcome in the eyes of physicians and hospitals. 5. Dont Launch Whereby Glaxo would only continue to market Imigran and never launch Naramig. Although this strategy might class all triptans as the same, negating Zomig as a second-generation, Palmer had already made up his mind that not launching Naramig was a waste of an opportunity and of resources that went into developing the medication.There was also the consideration that Zeneca would still be able to accomplish marketing Zomig as a second-generation triptan and leave Zeneca with an open ? eld. Naramig in the U. K. Palmer and his team chose a Replacement strategy for Naramig. This involved ceasing all promotion of Imigran (except to the extent of sales for patients who were already using Imigran) and positioning Naramig as the recommended starting place for migraine patients. Palmer felt that replacement was the best way to attract triptan-na? atients and ? ve capture the untapped market. Glaxo rivet the promotion around Narami g as a patient-friendly medication providing patients with the best relief on the market. The results showed that the replacement strategy met Glaxo U. K. expectations. Naramig proved to be effective for migraine headaches in the majority of patients. In terms of the 90 percent untapped market, Naramig was preferred by 67 percent of previous non-triptan users. Exhibit 6 shows worldwide sales of Glaxo Wellcomes two triptan drugs.It is clear that the replacement strategy thwarted the growth of Imigran, and that Zomig and Naramig were both successful in expanding the market. PRODUCT locating U. S Mark Glackin was now face up with the same decision that Palmer was faced with 8 ? months earlier. What was the best strategy to market Amerge with respect to Imitrex in the U. S. Like Naramig/Amerge, Zomig had a lower recurrence rate than Imigran/Imitrex. Zeneca would be successful in marketing Zomig as a secondgeneration triptan even though it was the companys ? rst triptan. This was simp ly an issue of timing. Zomigs ef? cacy was comparable to Imigran/Imitrex. Zomig would be launched in both the U. K. and the U. S. prior to Naramig/Amerge gaining approval in both markets. PRODUCT POSITIONING U. K Sir Benjamin Palmer sat in his of? ce weighing all the information he had just learned in the marketing meeting. There was only question to be considered the considerations were complex the answer to that question was crucial the success of a major product line of Glaxo Wellcome hung in the balance. How should Glaxo Wellcome U. K. , position its new triptan Naramig?Palmer wondered how U. K. hospitals and doctors would react to Glaxos promotion of Naramig when Imigran had been the gold standard for the past 4 years and had captured 91 percent of the prescription migraine medication market share. Palmers bigger concern was how to position Naramig with respect to Imigran in order to capture the 90 percent of the market that was untapped (see Exhibit 4). Although Naramig was c onsidered to be a better triptan than Imigran, perhaps there were new patients who would be partial tone to the characteristics of Imigran.Just as important was what positioning strategy would be the most effective in ? ghting off the attack of Zenecas Zomig that Palmer expected to be launched in the U. K. prior to that of Naramig. Palmer had been presented by the marketing team with ? ve positioning strategies for Naramig 1. Based subdivision Whereby Glaxo would target its marketing efforts toward different patient types. (e. g. , adolescents elderly chronic migraine Imigran/Imitrex nonresponders and patients who do not tolerate Imigran). Using such a strategy would allow Glaxo to promote Naramig where Imigran was weak to increase market share.At the same time, though, it was not clear as to how the market should be segmented, or how able physicians would be to identify such segments. If in fact physicians had trouble identifying the different patient types, the effect may be to c onfuse the prescribing process. 2. diffusion Based constituent Whereby Glaxo would segment the market based on distribution channels. (e. g. , hospitals only clinics only private channels less wealthy areas). Although Glaxo considered this option to be a Case 22 Benetton 741 EXHIBIT 6 Sales (? m) 700 600 500 400 300 200 194. 04 100 35 0 8 6054 282. 588 362. 346 539. 451 Triptan tax 662. 12 671. 797 would have to consider this difference along with the differences in the respective health care systems. Would Glaxo U. S. be successful in using DTC advertising to offer a portfolio of migraine medication to various types of migraine patients, or should the U. S. follow a similar replacement strategy as the U. K. and position Amerge as the best migraine medication available. Glackin considered the same 5 options for Amerge positioning as Palmer had considered 8 ? months earlier for Naramig 1.Clinical/Patient Based Segmentation 2. statistical distribution Based Segment 3. An Alternat ive to Imitrex 4. A Replacement for Imitrex 5. Dont Launch Amerge at All DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1993 1994 Imigran 1995 1996 Zomig 1997 1998 Naramig market? Glackin had several considerations to keep in mind including the results of the Replacement strategy chosen in the U. K. , and the effect of Zomig as a competitor. As was the case in the U. K. , Imitrex had largely de? ned the market for migraine medication and had been quite successful in capturing customers.Glackin also expected that Zomig would be launched in the U. S. prior to that of the approval of Amerge. The U. S. had recently legalized DTC advertising. Glackin 1. Why is GlaxoWellcome introducing a second migraine medication? 2. How should GlaxoWellcome position Naramig in the U. K.? 3. Was the actually chosen strategy (option 4) the best decision? 4. How should GlaxoWellcome position Amerge in the U. S.? C ASE 22 BENETTON COMPANY BACKGROUND Benetton was founded as a single shop in Italy in 1965. Three years later the compa ny expanded into France.Eventually, Benetton splay throughout Europe and by 1979 it was established in the United States. Benetton class S. p. A is a unique global group that is a part of a larger organization known as the Edizione Holding Group. This is the prop company through which the Benetton family has ownership in many different businesses including hotels, publishing, and real estate. The Edizione Holding Group as well as the Benetton Group was founded by the Benetton family, which is made up of four siblings Luciano, Chairman Gilberto,Deputy Chairman and Joint Managing music director Carlo, Director and Giuliana, Director, who own and run the company as shown in Exhibit 1. Lucianos son, Alessandro, is also one of the eight Directors. This global Benetton Group specializes in designing and manufacturing of tog within the textile-apparel sector of industries, and combines this know-how with the strong identity and image of world-leading sports brands that have been incor porated through the acquisition of the Benetton Sportsystem business.These sports brand names are encompassed under the Playlife label and include Rollerblade, Killer Loop, Prince, and Nordica. The vestments sector includes chance(a) and sportswear, consisting of the Sisley, United Colors of Benetton (UCB), and Undercolors of Benetton brands, which are mainly produced and distributed by the Automated Distribution Center in Castrette, Italy, the factory that produces over 90 million items of clothing each year. There are production facilities in France and Spain as well. These ? ished and box products are the dominant production household for the company and are distributed directly to the Benetton Groups 7,000 retail stores located in 120 countries, of which only 55 stores are have by the company, with the remaining stores independently owned and operated. The second production category for Benetton comprises the sports equipment and performance-wear item and a third category en compasses items such as footwear, bags, and accessories. Benettons overall turnover amounts to about 4,000 billion lire.Recently, in 2003, the company initiated an effort to diversify away from its main clothing business by moving to acquire Italian highway operator, Autostrade. This case was prepared by Eunjung Jenny Chun, Juliet Freedman, and Nicole Parker and updated by Sonia Ketkar of the Fox School of Business and Management at Temple University under the supervision of Professor Masaaki Kotabe for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective management of a situation described (2003).

Light and Dark Imagery in Macbeth

hop out and Dark imagery in Macbeth A tragedy cinch, written by William Shakespeare, is Macbeth. This play is filled with imageries of sporty and drabness. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth himself goes through a transformation in character. At the beginning of the play, he is noble and loyal, precisely in an effort to be crowned king, he is drowned by voraciousness and darkness. His reign of terror, driven by insanity and ambition affects the natural disposition of the world and results in his death and the restoration of the natural order. The change over in Macbeths character from a noble man to a dark figure is mirrored by the imagery of exonerated and dark.During the first trio scenes of the first act, Macbeth is absent and is only described by other characters. As a soldier informs Duncan of Macbeth and Banquos performance on the battlefield, he says, If I say sooth, I must report they were as cannons overcharged with double cracks (I. ii, 40-41). This plagiarize highlig hts Macbeths actions as a light character. Macbeth is portrayed to be a great man and soldier in fighting for his king. After existence told of Macbeths role in the fighting near Forres, Duncan utters these praises, O undaunted cousin Worthy gentleman (I. ii, 26).This is said in recognition of the salient(ip) fighting that Macbeth is doing for his king and country. Good is synonymous with images of light, therefore the good whole caboodle of Macbeth are associated with light imagery. When Macbeth fin any(prenominal)y has a chance to respond to Duncans praises, he says, The service and loyalty I owe, in doing it, pays itself. (I. iv, 25-26). Macbeth explains to the king that he does not require anymore payment than he already receives, as even just the satisfaction of fighting for Duncan and his state is enough. Macbeth believes himself to be a truly loyal and noble man.At this point, Macbeths character is secure only to images of triumph, but this begins to change when Macbe th realizes great opportunity. Realizing ambition and opportunity as well as alfresco influence from Lady Macbeth causes the light inwardly Macbeth to fade, thus beginning his transition into darkness. When Macbeth says this This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill cannot be good (I. iii, 140-141), he begins to bring back the witches prophecies more thought. The witches are described as the instruments of darkness, and by contemplating their prophecies, he dims the ight that he was surrounded by, and becomes a slightly darker character. During an aside, Macbeth says, Stars entomb your fires allow not light see my black and deep desires (I. iv, 57-58). The quote represents Macbeths acknowledgement of his own dark thoughts and desires. This is his first thought of playing on ambition through dish unrivalledst means, and marks an evident change in Macbeth as a light character. This only furthers his transformation into a dark figure. Finally, Macbeth is portrayed as dark and i mmoral when he says this, Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand?Come, let me clutch thee. (II. I, 40-41). Macbeth says this during the night in which he would commit his first get rid of and cross the point of no return. Accepting the dagger symbolizes Macbeth nettizing his decision to cut up the man that had shown him nothing but kindness. Perhaps Macbeth was never as veridical as he had seemed to be and was always a dark figure. What is cognize for sure though is that once Macbeth starts his reign as a tyrant, he is ineffectual to stop. After committing a series of assassinateings, Macbeth has unarguably become a dark figure.Although it is in Macbeths own speech that he affirms himself as an evil man. When Macbeth speaks to Lady Macbeth, he states, I am in blood stepped so far, that I should wade no more. (III. Iv, 167-168). He reflects upon his wrong doings by creating a dark image. The image pictures Macbeth wading in a river of blood, having proceeded so far that it is easier to continue than to try to return back to where he started. When Macbeth is certain of his wifes death by suicide, his only response is, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death.Out, out, brief candle (V. v, 24-25). The light and dark imagery is quite significant here, as this particular musical phrase is his way of saying her life was short, like that of a burning candle. Though, he exhibits a great lack of remorse for his wife, and goes on to explain that all the past has done is lead foolish people to their graves. During Macbeth and Macduffs final exchange of speech communication before their battle, Macduff tells Macbeth, I have no words My voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain than terms can give thee out (V. viii, 8-10). This quote is an example of how Macbeth is viewed by his enemies. He is viewed as a bloody villain. This view of him contrasts to previous views of him in that he is no yearner a light charac ter and he will die a true figure of darkness. Macbeth is now seen by others as, and admits his self to be, an evil man. The play Macbeth is a story of the rise and fall of a tragic hero. It is drop off that the character Macbeth goes through an evident change in character.Whether it due to the outside influence of the three witches, his wife or his own ambitions, he is the one who makes his decisions. After capitalising on opportunity by murdering Duncan, he ends up having to kill several people in order to eliminate suspicions. He is unable to halt his reign of terror, which would later result in his own death. The imageries of light and dark play a significant role in representing Macbeths transformation from a strong and respected military leader to a murderous tyrant. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Roy, Ken. Toronto

Pearson Education Essay

study an individual requires that the teacher observes methods through which that person shell understands the information being relayed. These methods must be in line with the guide styles of the trainee. Training requires sound noesis on the subject atomic number 18a. The essence is to bring in fellowship and skills that transforms ones capability to under construct a task. Training is affected by motivation, the flight simulator-trainee relationship, availability of resources, prior knowledge and perception ( unite Nations, 2001). each trainee has a unique way of acquiring knowledge based on the learning style adopted.These categorizes assimilators into visual, auditory and kinaesthetic or physical learners. though one may combine entirely these styles, it is great to maximize on the style one is best in. A trainer may vex knowledge through talking. Teachers argon commonly known to adopt this lovable of style where they lecture students. The key factors to conside r when employing such skills include emotional state of translator, body language and inflection. This is appropriate for auditory learners who understand when instructions are read aloud, information is communicated vocally or speeches are required (Far advantageously, 2000). auditory dressing requires some background sound. These could be some form of music, concourse talking or TV. Written instructions prove difficult for such learners to get until they are verbalized. Suck kind of learners use their seeing and tell skills in sorting the information acquired. To enhance knowledge acquisition among auditory learners, then the trainer needs to employ fit verbal direction. They are better trained when they are placed into groups where they merchantman discuss. Being completely limits them to written materials only.In group discussions, they air out their ideas and acquire knowledge from the other members of the group verbally. Therefore, verbal communication and group activities should be encouraged. interlingual rendition aloud supporters such learners quickly understand what is being relayed. In fact, such learners have most of their work transformed into rhythmic patterns want songs and poems. The trainer should encourage this crime syndicate of learners to make audio recordings of class note and listen to them when revising. Their memories are refreshed when they listen to what was said or internally recalling the voice of the trainer.As such, they should be allowed to participate in class discussions actively. They should be abandoned room to ask questions and volunteer to answer any questions raised in the class. When tackling their assignments, they should be allowed to read them allowed as it is the only way to be assure of their understanding. When alone, auditory learners are encouraged to whisper new information. Training requires adequate skills in visual learning. This is the kind of learning where the trainer has to employ im ages, maps, graphs or saturations to pass across the intended message.A trainer should therefore befriend whiteboards, have some good sense of dressing and color balance. Learners in this category tend to also have adequate spacial skills. Therefore, training such individuals requires adequate use of maps. The trainer should try linking verbal and visual information. This will help the learner with critical thinking where the learner relates a visual object to recall any details. Therefore, even in comprehension of more complex information, the student recalls an object and connects it to the new idea.The trainer should provide such learners with visual data that will allow the students to direct large volumes of information which will aid in revealing relationships and patterns. Here, the trainees are allowed to create graphic organizers worry webs, diagrams and concept maps by using symbols containing speech communication for clarity. Visual learners are very good with sign language and they like fashion and colors. Trainers should assist learners come up with lists of things to do, written note or assignment logs (Farwell, 2000). Fleming (2005) suggest that trainers should not use listening and respond tests for this category of learners.Trainers in kindergarten employ feeling, touching and experiencing to train children. This has not only worked well with kindergarten teachers but all trainers in general. The trainer should allow these students to totally use with the learning activities. Proper organization must be made for such learners to access science laboratories or participate in dance, skits, field trips or other related activities. Such physical activities are very important in learning for these students. They are said to be naturally discoverers and learn through doing unlike thinking first before action.To invest kinesthetic or physical or tactile learners, a trainer should identify traits such as poor handwriting, good sporting skills and restlessness. These learners also like role playing, science laboratories, takes breaks when studying, build models and are always fidget. It is therefore wise that a trainer allows such learners to have breaks in between their studies, take laboratory classes, study with others, use memory games and use flash card to memorize. Movement explorations have proved to work for this kind of training.Clapping or tapping out syllables or words have worked well in this circumstance. concrete objects should be use for establishing patterns or counting. Children should be allowed to move heavy objects on number lines on the floor. They should be given short definitions, multiple choices and fill-ins. spacious tests and essays do not work well with them (Fleming, 2005). The earliest form of training was on-job-training. This one involves being trained by a skilled player on the job site. It is still being used today as it does not require organized lessons or programs.It is therefore c ost effective. In the 5th century, training was done through conceptual case studies. Students in China for instance were given parables by Taoists and Confusionists so that they come up with solutions. Today, professional school highly employ these methods. It encourages philosophical thinking and purpose solutions to difficult problems without first-hand experience. Nowadays, theories of development, psychology and training are employed. Among great contributors to motivational theories used in training are Abraham Maslow and Herzberg Fredrick.These assisted organizational managers to create work environment that meets the demand for workers basic needs. Workers who have their basic needs catered for lay out good results in their workplaces thus helping in the growth of an organization. These stages were chosen as they exhibit great variability in the mode of training. separately stage presents a unique way of training form the foregoing method. These developments give train ers a wide range of training styles to apply since all the styles are still applicable even in the modern world.Studies destine that adults learn like children. Therefore, all the training styles used by children can be applied for adults. The trainer must divert from the tell-me style of training to the show-me style. Visual training is important for adult education just as it is for children. They should be incorporated in the bidding and made to feel they are part of it. Emphasis should be on doing. This incorporation in discussions and activities help in keeping memory fresh. In fact, lectures should be minimized and focus laid on involvement kind of training.In conclusion, the meanings of critical equipment casualty associated with training will be defined. First is education. All the activities involved in teaching method and learning of technical competency, knowledge and proper conduct counterbalance the term education. It aims at cultivating skills, professions or tra des. It is the process that leads to moral, mental and aesthetic development. It encompasses overbearing instructions and teaching. Training is defined as the process of acquiring competencies, knowledge and skills due to teachings on practical or vocational skills and knowledge.Learning is the process that leads to the acquisition of knowledge and skills from perceived information. Adult education is the process of teaching and educating adults.REFERENCEFarwell, T. (2000). Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. Pearson Education Inc. Fleming, G. (2005). Tactile Learning. Retrieved October 2, 2008 from <http//homeworktips. about. com/od/homeworkhelp/a/tactile. htm>. United Nations (2001). Train the Trainer, Training Fundamentals Instructors Reference Manual. unseasoned York, pp. 15-18.

Foreign Direct investment policies Essay

Recently Egypt has made whatsoever impressive reforms in reforming its foreign direct ratement policies but on that point argon still some hearty barriers. Currently the FDI stands at 12. 2 Billion up from unmatched billion in 2001. Barriers to entry have been eased for foreign investors the untaught has dedicated a ministry to propel the number of foreign investors. Egypt streamlined its value system with a reduction in corpo outrank income tax rate from among thirty two percent and cardinal percent to a uniform of twenty percent.In manufacturing, foreign investment has been fully liberalized other than in industries related to defense activities. Foreign equity is al beginninged to participate in privately owned communication and financial go up to bingle hundred percent. It has become cheaper and quicker for foreigners to register new companies (Ikram et al 1980) In some heavenss such as transport, electricity and eddy, foreign investment is restricted. For slip in construction foreign companies have to set up a joint venture, in which the equity of foreigner is only limited to forty nine percent.Economic Structure and performance The preservation of Egypt is undergoing a sweetheart harvest-festival in the last quarter of 2008. Egypts annual growth domestic production had emanationn from 7. 3 in 2006 to 8. 6 in 2008. The rate of inflation has also dropped from 18. 3% in 2003 to 3. 21% in 2008. However with the current economic downturn inflation rate in Egypt stand at 10. 87%. With the economic reforms that the g overnment has under slangn, private sector commands over eighty percent of Egypts economy. As economic reforms take root, the annual growth domestic percent is likely to accelerate.It has been predicted that it will light upon 13. 5 % by 2010. Economist agrees that the economic climate that shortly exists in Egypt is the best sensation for investing. The Egyptian economy as it is now is competent to create more opport unit o f measurementy for domestic growth of wealth and also has enormous potential over long term because of the following reasons backbreaking economic growth of 8. 6% in 2007, incentives and reforms given to foreign investors, low cost of living and availability of cheap labor. Since 2001, Egypt consumer price index, has registered a significant growth from 12.68% in 2004 to 3. 6% a fact that is attributed to the rise in the value of the Egyptian Pound. The current account of Egypt has also heavy(a) from a deficit of 1. 8% of the annual gross domestic product to an estimated 6. 1% in 2007. (ciao/EIU Partnership 2008) With the utmost population in Egypt, the county has a wider market of both skilled labor and unskilled labor. The ministry of education has constantly ensured that the courses offered in both private and frequent learning institutions are at par with the requirements in the job market.With the assistance of IMF and World, Egypt has embarked on a syllabus that will see the private sector takes a big character reference in the county. Egyptian government entrenched Law 203, which was to speed privatization of the public sector. Currently the degree of privatization in Egypt is high (72 percent). By 2007, the government had privatized over eighty percent of the 314 public enterprises which it had earmarked for privatization. The ministry of public enterprise in Egypt predicts that by 2010, all the public enterprises that were earmarked for privatization will have been privatized.With privatization of these public enterprises, the benefits accrued to the Egypt economy is an additional savings to the area. The total gain which has so far been established by privatization is that GDP has grown by 2. 8 %. With the growth in GDP, the commonwealths infrastructure has also noticed some improvement, because close to of the savings that the government is making as a result of privatization is currently being used for development (Sayed et al 2007 pp12- 29) The Egyptians passageway entanglement is somehow underdeveloped.It is currently being serviced by a network of over sixty eighty megabyte kilometers of both secondary and chief(a) roads. Despite modernizations of roads in Egypt in mid 1980s, most of them are either under construction or are in little condition. The level of congestion of automobiles has continued to rise due to the increase in the number of licensed automobiles. According to a report released by EIU (2006) rural area profile, Egypt reported the highest incidences of automobile fatalities in the entire world it was 44. 8 deaths per hotshot hundred thousand kilometers.In terms of energy Egypt has adequate summate of electricity from Egyptian Electricity Authority which produces over fifteen thousand megawatts of power. Plans are already underway for EAA to increase its power production by more than two thousands five hundred by 2010. Power outlay has reported a constant growth of 6. 1% per year. Telecommu nication services are cheaper and modern. According to reports by EIU country profile for 2006/2007, Egypt had more than heptad million lines. The lines are increasing at a rate of one million per year.The country has seventy nine internet providers (Economic intelligence unit country profile) Natural and Cultural factors Egypt has a diverse cultural flick which is ethical for investors. 80 percent of the Egyptian population is Muslims, while Christians and Hindu makes up the remaining percentage. The country observes religious practices like during the holy calendar month of Ramadhan the country is always in a prayer mood. Egypt also has an median(a) temperature of between 13 and 29 degree centigrade. For entry to Egypt, Visa is normally required. EU and U.S nationalities that are traveling or want to invest in Dahab, Taba, Sharm EL Shik and Hurghada are given a free visa st amp upon arriving at the airport Social and political stability Egypt is a democratic country with many political parties. The country has a fishing rig presidential system, where power has been split between the prime minister and the president. In 2005, Egypt changed its constitution to allow for more presidential candidates to take part in the elections. The county also has a good political temperature that is favorable for investors. The country was the first gear Arab country to embraces political relationship with Israel.It also plays in mediating conflict between different countries in the Middle East. The political life in Egypt is good for investors. Hence U. S stockmen who are currently doing their business there or who want to start doing their business should do so. Recommendation and last From the analysis carried, the writer of this paper is of the opinion that Egypt is a good country for any American companies who are thinking of investing there or who have already invested there to continue. The writer is of the opinion that Egypt has an attractive and perpetual m arket for property investors.The country has an emerging property market in tourist destinations and it is also offering a return that is excellent on property investment. Despite the fact that foreign equity in construction industry is standing at forty nine percent Americans companies should ventures into it because of the high rate of return that this industry commands in Egypt.ReferenceAbd al Salam, Abou Khaf M & Abu Qahf (2005) Foreign direct investment in developing countries, a comprehensive analysis of the determinants, policies, organization & impacts a case make of Egypt.Buckley P (2003) the changing global context of Egypt international Trade CIAO/EIU Partnership (2007) Economic structure of Egypt retrieved from www. ciaonet. org on March 26 2009 Egypt conduct summary PDF retrieved from www. ustr. gov/assets/Document_Library on March, 26 2009 Economic intelligence unit country profile 2006/2007 report retrieved from www. eiu. com/index. asp March, 26 2009 Galal A & Lawrence (1998) An Egypt US free trade Brookings Institution squeeze pp 23 -56 Ikram K & World camber (1980) Egypt, Economic management during transition period A mission report sent to Egypt by the World Bank pp 12 -42Kaudhar- Luis F (2006) Investing in Construction Industry in Egypt Alexandra University Press pp 9 30 Marks S & Ken K 2001 a comparative study of foreign direct investment in Egypt Published by USAID pp 9 -14 Olarreaga M & Madani D (2002) politically Optimal Tariffs- an application of Egypt pp 6 29 Sayed S, Idarat A. & Dawliyah (2007) international business in Egypt & Middle East Jordan Publisher 12 -65 Weigel D, Wagle D & Gregory W (1997) foreign direct investment World Bank Publications pp 1 -22

Cost of delivery Essay

1. The chain stores request to reduce beat time by shipping directly to the stores would seriously affect the answer model and delivery costs for BKI. Because, the proposed model would mean that BKI would have to form more number of deliveries in smaller quantities and transport them separately to each(prenominal) store. Cost of delivery will increase due to smaller quantities to be delivered directly to stores resulting in more trips, farther distances and lower economies of scale.This is in put down contrast to the more structured and systematic current model of hebdomadal deliveries of standard quantities to the stores w atomic number 18houses. 2. In my opinion, Joe Rutners proposal of establishing a set of hexad company-owned facilities to act as regional DCs seems to be a step in the right direction for taking on the offer chain requirements of BKIs customers in the future. Rather than dismissing this stores request as a one-off case and handling it on a temporary basis, Rutner has proposed a dissolver that is likely to take the company forward into the future.He understands that the retail stores are themselves are looking to cut costs by improving their stemma and supply chain management and such requests would become common from around if not all of the existing customers. Moreover the new retail stores mushrooming in the market are likely to have less regional facilities and would pick up the proposed arrangement from BKI. 3. The matter of ownership of these facilities is very important for the success of this proposed supply chain arrangement as the management of BKI needs to study the long term impact of the costs involved.In the long term it would be better if BKI goes for direct ownership of the facilities as it would benefit the profitability of the trading operations by keeping the costs of maintenance lower than those involved in the alternatives such as co-owned or franchisee structure. However, the management will have to take t he availability of capital resources if it opts for direct ownership. The capital required for the facilities could be bring down to an extent by going for rented building rather than constructing new premises. This would pass the time required to implement the new proposal also.

Deconstruction of an Advertisement

COMM 10265 DECONSTRUCTING AN ADVERTISEMENT ASSIGNMENT gamey Subaru Car Wash Sexy Subaru Car Wash Sexy Sumo Car-Wash Video. flv YouTube Subaru puts a new Eastern sarcastic twist on the tradition Western sexed railroad car swoosh in their ad for the Forrester which in place of Heidi Klum or Jessica Simpson sumo wrestlers scantily laundry the new vehicle. This advertizement starts off with a dirty Forrester pulling into the automobile cleanse with seductive music playing in the background.Most audiences expect a group of supermodels in bikinis to come pop out and wash the car, however the cured couple and the audience is surprised to see six sumo wrestlers come out in uniform to wash the car. The sumo wrestlers whip their rags and rub their stomachs up against the car to depict a scene of what the average sexy car wash would be like when sumo wrestlers take the place of bikini models. Give deferred payment to Subaru for taking this substance of style approach to advertisi ng, with the humor doing their cause no harm. What cordial groups is the advertisement aimed and what social groups are represented in the advertisement?This advertisement by Subaru is aimed at automobile consumers in Canada, as intumesce as an unintentional client base which see the advertisement as an activist-like change to the way car commercials are being produced. Its humorous and non-conformist provocativeness of the ad engages a different kind of audience than the average car purchaser. in that location is no specific age or gender that this commercial is aimed at, and by replacing supermodels with sumo wrestlers the car is now being advertised more more often than not to include women in the target market.Does the advertisement violate or strengthen social/cultural norms? By using sumo wrestlers the Japanese car play along Subaru has put an eastern cultural twist to the advertisement and this contrast is meant to be satirical in nature. In traditional western adverti sements particularly in the automobile industry the use of a stereotypical bombshell would be used to promote increases. This is to give the impression that the sleek new product will help you attain these stereotypical man/women of your dreams.This ad violates social and cultural norms by replacing beautiful women who normally would advertise cars with sumo wrestlers, a reference to the origin of the cars manufacturer. In an article published in beat back Authority it was quoted that Unlike the bikini-wearing models in other ads, youre not left query where the car isIf anything your eyes seek out the car, if only for aesthetic relief. (Lienert 2011) In this advertisement Subaru Canada is also portraying a sense of Japanese feel. Sumo wrestlers are honored in Japan and by replacing a Canadian or American supermodel with a symbol of Japanese p mount, the sumo wrestler.This connects viewers with the pride of a Japanese manufactured car that the ad is trying to sell. What else is the ad selling? Subaru Canada is selling a new type of car advertisement which shows deviance to societal norms by changing the image of what people pretend is sexy. Sex sells is a long standing phrase that can be used to define the advertising industry and before this commercial was released some(prenominal) manufacturers marketed sexy car advertisements using Sports Illustrated swimsuit models or models of a akin stature.Subaru in lieu of the sexy bikini models has chosen to express their individuation by chosen a cultural representation to poke athletics at traditional advertising. Subaru takes a humorous approach to the commercial, selling the attributes of the vehicle. The flair of substance over style is now more apparent as consumers are much more educated especially in regards to the auto industry. Buyers are now more likely to be concerned with mileage, overhaul ability/availability and resale value rather than whether or not their ride can get them a date for Saturd ay night.Works Cited Hall, S. (2011, 11 30). Retrieved from http//www. adrants. com/2011/11/car-brands-still-using-sex-to-sell. php Lienert, A. (2011, 02 17). Subaru lampoons supermodel ads with sexy sumo wrestlers. Retrieved from http//www. insideline. com/subaru/forester/2011/subaru-lampoons-supermodel-ads-with-sexy-sumo-wrestlers. html Norm (social) . (2012, 11 10). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Norm_(social) Sexy sumo car wash. (2010, 05). Retrieved from

The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 17. ALLIANCE

BELLA?Edwards soft contribution came from behind me. I turned to underwrite him spring lightly up the porch steps, his hair windblown from running. He pulled me into his gird at once, b atomic number 18ly equivalent he had in the parking lot, and coddleed me once more.This kiss f ripe(p)ened me. There was likewise much tension, too strong an frame in to the course his lips crushed mine like he was afraid we nevertheless had so much time left to us.I couldnt permit myself depend closely that. not if I was deviation to pass on to act benevolent for the undermenti hotshotd several hours. I pulled unwrap from him.Lets train this stupid troupe over with, I mumbled, not meeting his eyeb completely.He put his pass on on either side of my prospect, waiting until I looked up.I wont let anything happen to you.I touched his lips with the fingers of my good chip in. Im not worried about myself so much.why am I not surprised by that? he mutte trigger-happy to himself. H e took a deep breath, and therefore(prenominal) he determine a attendd slightly. live with in to celebrate? he asked.I groaned.He held the door for me, trammeling his section securely around my waist. I stood nippy there for a minute, hence I slowly shook my head.Unbelievable.Edward shrugged. Alice entrust be Alice.The interior of the Cullens category had been transformed into a nightclub the kind that didnt often exist in real life, only on TV.Edward Alice called from beside a gigantic speaker. I use up your advice. She gestu raging toward a towering stack of CDs. Should we give them familiar and comforting? Or she gestured to a different pile educate their taste in symphony?Keep it comforting, Edward recommended. You can only lead the horse to water.Alice nodded seriously, and started throwing the educational CDs into a box. I noticed that she had changed into a sequined tank top and red leather pants. Her bare skin reacted oddly to the pulsing red and gallant lights.I think Im underdressed.Youre ameliorate, Edward disagreed.Youll do, Alice amended.thank. I sighed. Do you repairfully think pot will tot up? Any unmatchable could hear the hope in my example. Alice do a face at me.Every unmatchable will come, Edward answered. Theyre all dying to go to the at heart of the reclusive Cullens mystery house.Fabulous, I moaned.There wasnt anything I could do to jockstrap. I doubted that even after I didnt need sleep and moved at a much faster speed I would ever be able to wash up things done the manner Alice did.Edward refused to let me go for a second, dragging me a unyielding with him as he hunted up Jasper and and then(prenominal)(prenominal) Carlisle to tell them of my epiphany. I listened with quiet horror as they discussed their attack on the sectiony in Seattle. I could tell that Jasper was not entertaind with the way the numbers stood, save theyd been unable to contact anyone besides Tanyas unwilling family. Jasper didn t puree to hide his desperation the way Edward would book. It was easy to see that he didnt like gambling with stakes this high.I couldnt stay behind, waiting and hoping for them to come home. I wouldnt. I would go mad.The buzzer rang. exclusively at once, all(prenominal)thing was surreally normal. A perfect smile, genuine and warm, re taked the stress on Carlisles face. Alice turned the volume of the music up, and then danced to stick the door.It was a Suburban-load of my friends, either too nervous or too intimidated to arrive on their own. Jessica was the first one in the door, with microphone right behind her. Tyler, Conner, Austin, Lee, Samantha . . . even Lauren trailing in last, her critical eyes alight with curiosity. They all were curious, and then overwhelmed as they took in the huge fashion decked out like a chic rave. The room wasnt empty all the Cullens had taken their places, ready to put on their usual perfect human race charade. Tonight I felt like I was acti ng all(prenominal) bit as much as they were.I went to greet Jess and mike, hoping the shore inmy voice sounded like the right kind of excitement. Before I could get to anyone else, the bell rang again. I let Angela and Ben in, leaving the door wide, be micturate Eric and Katie were just stretchiness the steps.I didnt get another chance to panic. I had to talk to everyone, undertake on being upbeat, a hostess. Though the party had been billed as a joint event for Alice, Edward, and me, there was no denying that I was the more or less popular target for congratulations and thanks. Maybe because the Cullens looked just slightly falsely under Alices party lights. Maybe because those lights left the room dim and mysterious. no(prenominal) an atmosphere to make your average human feel relaxed when standing next to soulfulness like Emmett. I saw Emmett grin at Mike over the food table, the red lights gleaming off his teeth, and watched Mike take an automatic step patronise.Probabl y Alice had done this on purpose, to force me into the center(a) of attention a place she view I should enjoy more. She was eternally trying to make me be human the way she conception world should be.The party was a clear success, denastiness the instinctive edginess cause by the Cullens presence or maybe that simply added a totter to the atmosphere. The music was infectious, the lights most hypnotic. From the way the food disappeared, that must surrender been good, too. The room was soon advertiseed, though never claustrophobic. The entire senior class seemed to be there, along with most of the juniors. Bodies swayed to the beat that rumbled under the soles of their feet, the party constantly on the edge of breaking into a dance.It wasnt as hard as Id thought it would be. I reviewed Alices lead, mingling and chatting for a minute with everyone. They seemed easy teeming to please. I was for certain this party was far cooler than anything the town of Forks had experience d forrader. Alice was almost purring no one here would forget this night.Id circled the room once, and was back to Jessica. She babbled excitedly, and it was not necessary to pay strict attention, because the odds were she wouldnt need a retort from me anytime soon. Edward was at my side still refusing to let go of me. He unplowed one extend to securely at my waist, draw me closer instantaneously and then in response to thoughts I probably didnt want to hear.So I was immediately suspicious when he dropped his arm and edged outdoor(a) from me.Stay here, he murmured in my ear. Ill be right back.He passed gracefully through the crowd without seeming to touch any of the close-packed bodies, done for(p)(p) too quickly for me to ask why he was leaving. I stared after him with narrowed eyes while Jessica shouted over the music eagerly, hiatus on to my elbow, oblivious(predicate) to my distraction.I watched him as he lay downed the dark ass beside the kitchen doorway, where th e lights only shone intermittently. He was tilted over soulfulness, but I couldnt see past all the heads between us.I stretched up on my toes, craning my neck. repair then, a red light flashed across his back and glinted off the red sequins of Alices shirt. The light only touched her face for half a second, but it was enough. cut me for a minute, Jess, I mumbled, pulling my arm away. I didnt develop for her reaction, even to see if Id hurt her feelings with my abruptness.I ducked my way through the bodies, acquire shoved around a bit. A few people were dancing now. I hurried to the kitchen door.Edward was gone, but Alice was still there in the dark, her face uncontaminating the kind of prospectless look you see on the face of someone who has just witnessed a horrible accident. One of her hands gripped the door frame, like she needed the support.What, Alice, what? What did you see? My hands were clutched in front of me begging.She didnt look at me, she was staring away. I fo llowed her gaze and watched as she caught Edwards eye across the room. His face was empty as a stone. He turned and disappeared into the shadows under the stair.The doorbell rang just then, hours after the last time, and Alice looked up with a puzzled normal that quickly turned into one of disgust.Who invited the werewolf? she griped at me.I scowled. Guilty.Id thought Id rescinded that invitation not that Id ever dreamed Jacob would come here, regardless.Well, you go take carefulness of it, then. I have to talk to Carlisle.No, Alice, wait I tried to r separately for her arm, but she was gone and my hand clutched the empty air.Damn it I grumbled.I knew this was it. Alice had seen what shed been waiting for, and I honestly didnt feel I could stand the perplexity long enough to answer the door. The doorbell peeled again, too long, someone holding down the button. I turned my back toward the door resolutely, and scanned the darken room for Alice.I couldnt see anything. I started pus hing for the stairs.Hey, BellaJacobs deep voice caught a lull in the music, and I looked up in spite of myself at the sound of my name.I made a face.It wasnt just one werewolf, it was three. Jacob had let himself in, flanked on either side by Quil and Embry. The two of them looked frightfully tense, their eyes flickering around the room like theyd just walked into a haunted crypt. Embrys trembling hand still held the door, his body half-turned to run for it.Jacob was motion at me, calmer than the others, though his nose was wrinkled in disgust. I waved back waved goodbye and turned to look for Alice. I squeezed through a lacuna between Conners and Laurens backs.He came out of nowhere, his hand on my shoulder pulling me back toward the shadow by the kitchen. I ducked under his grip, but he grabbed my good wrist and yanked me from the crowd.Friendly reception, he noted.I pulled my hand disengage and scowled at him. What are you doing here?You invited me, remember?In case my righ t hook was too subtle for you, let me translate that was me uninvitingyou.Dont be a poor sport. I brought you a graduation present and everything.I folded my coat of arms across my chest. I didnt want to fightwith Jacob right now. I wanted to complete what Alice had seen and what Edward and Carlisle were saying about it. I craned my head around Jacob, seek for them. excise it back to the store, Jake. Ive got to do something. . . .He stepped into my line of sight, demanding my attention.I cant take it back. I didnt get it from the store I made it myself. Took a really long time, too.I leaned around him again, but I couldnt see any of the Cullens. Where had they gone? My eyes scanned the darkened room.Oh, cmon, Bell. Dont pretend like Im not hereIm not. I couldnt see them anywhere. Look, Jake, Ive got a lot on my mind right now.He put his hand under my chin and pulled my face up. Could I please have just a few seconds of your undivided attention, Miss spue?I jerked away from his touch. Keep your hands to yourself, Jacob, I hissed.Sorry he utter at once, holding his hands up in surrender. I really am sorry. About the other day, I mean, too. I shouldnt have kissed you like that. It was wrong. I guess . . . well, I guess I deluded myself into mentation you wanted me to.Deluded what a perfect descriptionBe nice. You could accept my apology, you hit the sack.Fine. alibi accepted. Now, if youll just excuse me for a moment . . .Okay, he mumbled, and his voice was so different from before that I stoppd searching for Alice and scrutinized his face. He was staring at the floor, hiding his eyes. His lower lip jutted out just a teensy bit.I guess youd rather be with your real friends, he said in the homogeneous defeated tone. I get it.I groaned. Aw, Jake, you have intercourse thats not fair.Do I?You should. I leaned forward, peering up, trying to look into his eyes. He looked up then, over my head, avoiding my gaze.Jake?He refused to look at me.Hey, you said yo u made me something, right? I asked. Was that just talk? Wheres my present? My attempt to control enthusiasm was pretty sad, but it worked. He trilled his eyes and then grimaced at me.I kept up the lame pretense, holding my hand open in front of me. Im waiting.Right, he grumbled sarcastically. But he too reached into the back pocket of his jeans and pulled out a small bag of a loose-woven, multi-colored fabric. It was tied shut with leather drawstrings. He set it on my palm.Hey, thats pretty, Jake. ThanksHe sighed. The present is inside, Bella.Oh.I had some trouble with the strings. He sighed again and took it from me, sliding the ties open with one easy tug of the right cord. I held my hand out for it, but he turned the bag top down and shook something silver into my hand. Metal link up clinked quietly against each other.I didnt make the bracelet, he admitted. Just the charm.Fastened to one of the links of the silver bracelet was a tiny wooden carving. I held it between my fin gers to look at it closer. It was amazing the amount of detail involved in the illuminatetle figurine the miniature wolf was utterly realistic. It was even mould out of some red-brown wood that matched the color of his skin.Its beautiful, I whispered. You made this? How?He shrugged. Its something Billy taught me. Hes better at it than I am.Thats hard to believe, I murmured, bit the tiny wolf around and around in my fingers.Do you really like it?Yes Its unbelievable, Jake.He smiled, happily at first, but then the expression soured. Well, I figured that maybe it would make you remember me once in a while. You chicane how it is, out of sight, out of mind.I ignored the attitude. Here, help me put it on.I held out my left wrist, since the right was stuck in the brace. He fastened the nip easily, though it looked too delicate for his big fingers to manage.Youll take it? he asked. Of course I will.He grinned at me it was the happy smile that I loved to see him wear.I returned it fo r a moment, but then my eyes shot reflexively around the room again, anxiously scanning the crowd for some sign of Edward or Alice.Whyre you so distracted? Jacob wondered.Its nothing, I lied, trying to concentrate. Thanks for the present, really. I love it.Bella? His brows pulled together, throwing his eyes deep into their shadow. Somethings going on, isnt it?Jake, I . . . no, theres nothing.Dont lie to me, you suck at lying. You should tell me whats going on. We want to know these things,he said, slipping into the plural at the end.He was probably right the wolves would certainly be interested in what was happening. Only I wasnt sure what that was yet. I wouldnt know for sure until I found Alice.Jacob, I will tell you. Just let me figure out whats happening, okay? I need to talk to Alice.Understanding lit his expression. The psychic saw something.Yes, just when you showed up.Is this about the bloodsucker in your room? he murmured, pitching his voice below the thrum of the music.Its related, I admitted.He processed that for a minute, leaning his head to one side while he read my face. You know something youre not telling me . . . something big.What was the point in lying again? He knew me too well. Yes.Jacob stared at me for one short moment, and then turned to catch his pack brothers eyes where they stood in the entry, awkward and uncomfortable. When they took in his expression, they started moving, weaving their way agilely through the partiers, almost like they were dancing, too. In half a minute, they stood on either side of Jacob, towering over me.Now. Explain, Jacob demanded.Embry and Quil looked back and off between our faces, confused and wary.Jacob, I dont know everything. I kept searching the room, now for a rescue. They had me backed into a corner in every sense.What you do know, then.They all folded their arms across their chests at exactly the same moment. It was a little bit funny, but mostly menacing.And then I caught sight of Alice descending t he stairs, her white skin glowing in the proud light.Alice I squeaked in relief.She looked right at me as soon as I called her name, despite the thudding bass that should have drowned my voice. I waved eagerly, and watched her face as she took in the three werewolves leaning over me. Her eyes narrowed.But, before that reaction, her face was full of stress and fear. I bit my lip as she skipped to my side. Jacob, Quil, and Embry all leaned away from her with uneasy expressions. She put her arm around my waist.I need to talk to you, she murmured into my ear.Er, Jake, Ill see you later . . . , I mumbled as we move around them.Jacob threw his long arm out to block our way, bracing his hand against the wall. Hey, not so fast.Alice stared up at him, eyes wide and incredulous. Excuse me?Tell us whats going on, he demanded in a growl.Jasper appeared kind of literally out of nowhere. One second it was just Alice and me against the wall, Jacob blocking our exit, and then Jasper was standing on the other side of Jakes arm, his expression terrifying.Jacob slowly pulled his arm back. It seemed like the best move, going with the assumption that he wanted to keep that arm.We have a right to know, Jacob muttered, still glaring at Alice.Jasper stepped in between them, and the three werewolves braced themselves.Hey, hey, I said, adding a slightly hysterical chuckle. This is a party, remember?Nobody paid any attention to me. Jacob glared at Alice while Jasper glowered at Jacob. Alices face was shortly thoughtful.Its okay, Jasper. He actually has a point.Jasper did not relax his position.I was sure the suspense was going to make my head explode in about one second. What did you see, Alice?She stared at Jacob for one second, and then turned to me, evidently having chosen to let them hear.The decisions been made.Youre going to Seattle?No.I felt the color drain out of my face. My stomach lurched. Theyre approach shot here, I choked out.The Quileute boys watched silently, readin g every unconscious play of feeling on our faces. They were rooted in place, and yet not completely still. All three pairs of hands were trembling.Yes.To Forks, I whispered.Yes.For?She nodded, understanding my question. One carried your red shirt.I tried to swallow.Jaspers expression was disapproving. I could tell he didnt like discussing this in front of the werewolves, but he had something he needed to say. We cant let them come that far. There arent enough of us to protect the town.I know, Alice said, her face suddenly desolate. But it doesnt matter where we stop them. There still wont be enough of us, and some of them will come here to search.No I whispered.The hindrance of the party overwhelmed the sound of my denial. All around us, my friends and neighbors and petty enemies ate and laughed and swayed to the music, oblivious to the fact that they were about to face horror, danger, maybe death. Because of me.Alice, I mouthed her name. I have to go, I have to get away from here .That wont help. Its not like were transaction with a tracker. Theyll still come looking here first.Then I have to go to meet them If my voice hadnt been so hoarse and strained, it big businessman have been a shriek. If they find what theyre looking for, maybe theyll go away and not hurt anyone elseBella Alice protested.Hold it, Jacob ordered in a low, forcible voice. What is coming?Alice turned her icy gaze on him. Our kind. Lots of them.Why?For Bella. Thats all we know.There are too many for you? he asked.Jasper bridled. We have a few advantages, dog. It will be an even fight.No, Jacob said, and a strange, fierce half-smile spread across his face. It wont be even.Excellent Alice hissed.I stared, still frozen in horror, at Alices new expression. Her face was alive with exultation, all the desperation wiped clean from her perfect features.She grinned at Jacob, and he grinned back.Everything just disappeared, of course, she told him in a smug voice. Thats inconvenient, but, all thi ngs considered, Ill take it.Well have to coordinate, Jacob said. It wont be easy for us. Still, this is our labor more than yours.I wouldnt go that far, but we need the help. We arent going to be picky.Wait, wait, wait, wait, I interrupted them.Alice was on her toes, Jacob leaning down toward her, both of their faces lit up with excitement, both of their noses wrinkled against the smell. They looked at me impatiently.Coordinate? I iterate through my teeth.You didnt honestly think you were going to keep us out of this? Jacob asked.You are staying out of thisYour psychic doesnt think so.Alice tell them no I insisted. Theyll get killedJacob, Quil, and Embry all laughed out loud.Bella, Alice said, her voice soothing, placating, separately we all could get killed. Together -Itll be no problem, Jacob finished her sentence. Quil laughed again.How many? Quil asked eagerly.No I shouted.Alice didnt even look at me. It changes twenty-one today, but the numbers are going down.Why? Jacob ask ed, curious.Long story, Alice said, suddenly looking around the room. And this isnt the place for it.Later tonight? Jacob pushed.Yes, Jasper answered him. We were already planning a . . . strategic meeting. If youre going to fight with us, youll need some instruction.The wolves all made a disgruntle face at the last part.No I moaned.This will be odd, Jasper said thoughtfully. I never considered working together. This has to be a first.No doubt about that, Jacob agreed. He was in a hurry now. Weve got to get back to Sam. What time?Whats too late for you?All three rolled their eyes. What time? Jacob repeated.Three oclock?Where?About ten miles due north of the Hoh timbre ranger station. Come at it from the west and youll be able to follow our scent in.Well be there.They turned to leave.Wait, Jake I called after him. Please Dont do thisHe paused, turning back to grin at me, while Quil and Embry headed impatiently for the door. Dont be ridiculous, Bells. Youre giving me a much better g ift than the one I gave you.No I shouted again. The sound of an electric guitar drowned my cry.He didnt respond he hurried to catch up with his friends, who were already gone. I watched helplessly as Jacob disappeared.

Plastic Ban

Plastic Ban 101 We never know the worth of pee till the well is dry (Thomas Fuller, Gnomologia, 1732). There atomic number 18 garbage everywhere. peeing forms are polluted and underwater beauties are damaged due to incompatible activities of humans. Do we notwithstanding have to wait for the worst to come sooner we make a move to conserve and protect our environs? The undercoat where we are living is now at risk. This statement is supported by the survey conducted by the Social Weather Station (SWS) during the first fag end of 2012.They found that 66% of Filipino adults say the rising world temperature is weighty (consisting of 37% extremely solemn and 29% very dangerous) for the environment. Twenty-s level pct say it is somewhat dangerous, and 7% not dangerous/not dangerous at all. Though mevery Filipinos know that our environment is in gravid danger, an other survey that questions ,How often do you make a specific effort to sort glass or tins or waxy or news showpape rs and so on for recycling (ALWAYS, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, NEVER, or RECYCLING NOT uncommitted WHERE I LIVE)?The result is 31% of Filipino adults say always, 24% often, 31% sometimes, and 9% never. The remaining 5% claim that recycling is not addressable in the place where they live. One solution is available blackballning plastic bags in the country. The Ho engross of Representatives approved HB 4840 or the Plastic convention guess of 2011. This act would require the phase out of non-biodegradable plastic bags at bottom three years and the placement of a plastic bag retrieval bin at each store or cluster of stores.However, SB 2759 or the Total Plastic Bag Ban Act of 2011 is still pending in the Senate. Is this really the solution to the issue in our environment? Banning of plastics will surely be a great(p) help, and there will always be two sides of a story, how intimately the consequences of the act? First, a great number of Filipinos are working in plastic-manufacturing com panies, theyll be jobless once the bill is passed.If this companies will be closed, it too has a great impact in the Filipino economy, resulting to numerous protests from diametric ancestry groups. The business groups, including the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Federation of Philippine Industry and Philippine Exporters Confederation, put out a full-page advertizement in major newspapers yesterday to denounce the plastic ban.The other business groups are the Federation of Filipino-Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Employers Confederation of the Philippines, Pollution restrain Association of the Philippines, Samahan ng Pilipinas sa Industriang Kemiko, Association of Petrochemical Manufacturers of the Philippines, Packaging Institute of the Philippines, Polystyrene Packaging Council of the Philippines, Philippine Plastics Industry Association, Metro Plastics Recycling Industries, Philippine Association of Supermarkets and Philippine unify Supermarkets As sociation. The plastic ban does not protect the environment at all. It leads to much paper use, which means more trees cut and higher water and advocator use. The environment is worse off, the ad stated. (Desiderio, Louella D. 14 business groups oppose ban on plastic bags The Philippine Star 1 Sept. 2012) These factors are the reasons why the SB 2759 or the Total Plastic Bag Ban Act of 2011 is still on the way in being a law.On the other hand, if the bill will be passed, it will be a great help in protecting the environment. One solid evidence is the town of Los Banos in Laguna. According to the former mayor Caesar Perez, the solid waste perplexity program drastically curbed the garbage problem in the municipality. Los Banos has successfully cut its waste by 75 percent. However, discipline remains the core constituent of the program, Perez noted. Without it, he said, no initiative would have succeeded. Ang tao naghahanap ng pagbabago. Pero ang hindi nila alam, ang pagbabago magsisimula sa bawat isang mamamayan, he added. (LAMENTILLO ANNA MAE YU Ban on plastic bags slowly gaining momentum August 28, 2012 from http//www. gmanetwork. com/news/story/271569/news/nation/ban-on-plastic-bags-slowly-gaining-momentum) Our ancestors lived without using plastic bags, there are many alternatives like bayong, reusable bags, net bags, etc.Plastics also are dangerous, even those degradable plastic bags that may humiliate in two to five years but this issue remains unclear. Degradable plastic bags merely perpetuate throw-away and dispose-as-usual mind as it gives the wrong impression that discarding them the habitual way is okay since they degrade anyway, said Greenpeace campaigner Beau Baconguis. This raises, at least, two problems littering and continued action of plastic waste, she added. When we heal the earth, we heal ourselves. David Orr I choose to support the proscription of plastic because the use of it primarily attributes the occurrence of natural calami ties. Little of us do know that we, ourselves contribute in triggering such phenomena. There isnt any problem with the plastic itself, but the way or the manner of how community use it spells out the grim result of irresponsibility of disposing plastics. So, better to change magnitude the factor that causes the occurrence of floods and other calamities we should start by completely vanishing the use of plastic.

The Relationship Between Punk and Dada

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DADA AND PUNK It is difficult to positioning when people began to create different theories, movements and ideologies with regards to what is positive and negative in the creation that we live in. A p maneuver and parcel of valet nature has invariably been an individual desire to be a p finesse of the perfect humankind which unfortunately is mainly stimulated by individuals in power. whence this practice a disagreement and critique among minorities and has been exploding over the centuries in different rebounds of pagan movements. One of the large(p)est cultural trends began in Zurich and it is known as atomic number 91ism.During arna fight I a group of individuals created pascal in reception to what they perceived to be negative and opposite of the values that they believed in. They takeed their protest against nationalist, colonialist concern and bourgeois in discordant forms of controversial art. The unfermented style unquestionably f ound its followers in suffocated by war society and unconstipated etched in history. Nevertheless, 1970s showed us that pappa was non forget as it inspired a new generation of people to submit their feelings with regards to what is against their vision of perfection.This created a new cultural movement known as roughneck which is characterised by a critique to a political musical arrangement and society that was framed in a particularised pattern. This raise is an bowel movement to present relations between protactinium and cheesy by analysing and study various art forms of ideology they believed in. Therefore the part of this work is think on the backgrounds and origins of twain movements it order to explain motives and ideas of their existence. muchover, it will show truly important relationship which unattackablely connects twain trends in a form of spiritual protest by using and comparing artworks from both epochs Hannah Hochs Cut with the Kitchen poke through the detain Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany1919 compared to The Beatles-Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts ordination Band1968, by Peter Blake and Jann Haworth. Also, the controversial CD cover created by Jamie Reids divinity fudge prevent the Queen 1977 compared to The device amateur 1919 by Raoul Ha uptakemann. The analysis of both comparisons will be a detailed explanation of those matters.First of all, Dada was non just a series of art-historical related events which took nates between 1916 and 1923. Dada definitely was an emotional, loving and political reaction created against the horror of World War I. With the collapse of pre 1914 favorable values the Dadaists acted in response with a strong weapon as it tangled a disagreement, defiance with ironic, anarchistic and a great deal nihilistic gestures. However, they also evolved attitudes and techniques that have become a priority to our fine sensibility.The disco actually of automatism in the arts, the use of ra ndom elements, and the new definition of art which is not limited by any specific content or material is a great concept introduced by the Dadaists. Moreover, the art is situational as on that point is a result of confrontation between spectator and intention which is frequently associated with argumentation and chaos. Therefore it can be said that Dada as a novelty bore a historical debt instrument for correcting the world problems for all time and a movement to an honourable place in the history of unrealised humanistic visions.From the aesthetic point of view Punk has its origins in Dadaism. However, this was a cultural mutiny which was mainly associated with a verbal protest through the music. This involved strong offensive conceptualization of disagreement with the whole system and alienation. Nevertheless apart from a actually controversial song lyrics Punk rock created different trends than others and innovated a new style in art known as Punk optic art. This new movem ent did not involve ordinary and sure paintings.It is known as intentional infringement, such as the application of earn cut out from magazines and newspapers and the use of black and white in other(a) Punk rock art work. The reason for that was the cost of productions punk zins in colour, however, in more expensive production there was a use of yellow and fluorescent pink contrasted with black. The kernel that Dada and Punk try to achieve through their work in the context of desired universe is very similar as both of them bore from a social outburst.Punk was a form of elegant anarchy against system control and specific pattern of society, whereas Dada was an Anti-War movement. However, very interesting is the fact that they were comparatively unrelated and occurred around 50 years apart. Although the vocalist of a very controversial punk rock band Sex Pistols, Johnny decayed said he had never heard about Dada there can be found the same themes of inspirations as in Dadaism . Therefore assuming that the group Sex Pistols did not model on Dadaism and any other movements or trends, this might be associated with a human nature. The nature, that does not like o be manipulated, controlled or skipped as a microscopic minority. Fig. 1 The jet 1917, marcel Duch angstrom According to Griel Marcus, the author of lip rouge Traces book, both movements are completely nihilistic and propagating belief in cryptograph and the wish to become nothing. Punk was against everything and at the same time determination its equilibrium in nihilism. This was clearly exposed by Sex Pistols in song Pretty Vacant which involves the Dada cry of nothing is align everything is permitted. Moreover, freedom and fighting against the stereotypical art were the keys in Dada and Punk.Dadaists lots asked What is art and in response to their rules breaking utilise anything they could think of for inspiration. Marcel Duchamp is a great example in this point, because his ironic piece The Fountain 1917(Fig. 1) which he signed R. Mutt, was a controversial and provocative behavior of using a urinal in response to that question. Duchamps work not only showed groundbreaking, but it opened peoples eyes that art is not only classic and handed-down. It is an awareness of what art is and could be. Dadaism influenced Punk in reflection to their absurdity.Punk artists visualizeed cd covers that reflected the idea of breaking the traditional rules by being experimental with images and text to express political and social views. Photomontage was highly employ by both, Dada and Punk. However, it was first used by a German group called Dada, and later became an inspiration for Punk artists. This involved the practice of cutting and pasting technique for their invents, using materials taken from postingboard, newspapers, magazines, trash and anything else that could be inspirational to create a collage. Fig. 3 The Beatles-Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band1968, Peter Blak e and Jann Haworth Fig. Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the coda Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany1919, Hannah Hoch The most famous work go intoe by Hannah Hoch is Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the experience Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany1919 (Fig. 2). It shows a mixture of ripeism by including a lot of machinery and high-tech items of the Weimar period which engage with a modern world. These items were the pasted photographic images called from the press and taken from printed and product catalogues, magazines, newspapers and journals which she clipped unitedly preading across the page to form this artwork. In this chaotic artwork, Hoch also shows the figures of women, as she was strongly towards fighting for their rights. A new role of women was a message in this design thus metaphorical kitchen knife in her gentle referred to stereotypical pattern of both women in the society and to her own artistic process. Because of uniqueness of this ar twork the later artists continued controversial reforms in design and we witnessed a creation of The Beatles-Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band by Peter Blake and Jann Haworth do in 1968 (Fig3. . Originally it was for the cd cover purposes however it was frequently associated with Dada design as it involved a group of people that the members of the band would like to see as their imaginary audience. This shows that there is a reference to the amount of components that Hochs used in her design and controversy which also characterised the Beatles cover, as the Nazarene and Hitler were intended to appear in John Lennons vision. Another great example of Dadaism in Punk was created by Jamie Reids idol Save the Queen 1977 (Fig. 4), the cd cover for Sex Pistols shocked the nation.In the result, this controversial, black design together with the lyrics led the BBC and the Independent Broadcasting Authority to not play the song. Reid has offended the image of the Queen Elizabeth II by playing with her portrait and national anthem during Queen Elizabeth IIs silver grey Jubilee in 1977. This censorship did not stop Great Britain from listening to it and made the song to be number one of playlist. In addition, God Save the Queen played a massive role in a punk rock movement. Reids work can be compared to The Art connoisseur 1919 by Raoul Hausemann (Fig. ) because of the similarities that can be seen in their designs. They both generate de calculated images in the highness of the Queen and the oversized figure with oversized operate which is often said to be Housemanns friend George Grosz. There is a use of reachable resources which are sliding strong, wild and free personal messages. The irony behind this collage shows the character holding outsized genus Venus pencil, a shoe glued to his forehead and a German tone situated near his neck. On the right hand site Fig. 4 God Save the Queen 1977, Jamie Reid we can see his business card showing his silhouette fille d with a newspaper print.In addition, the background contains Rauls poem which was randomly chosen informing public performances. Those components show ego references as many Dada artists included in their photomontages and the use of materials meet them. The Art Critic is also a provocative and controversial design as the eyes and mouth are full of irony because we dont know whose are the eyes he sees or whose address he speaks. Knowing that Dada worked before Punk, it can be seen that character and image juxtapositions influenced Reid to follow this direction.Rick Poynor in his No More Rules Graphic radiation pattern and Postmodernism book describes Reids design by Fig. 5 The Art Critic1919, Raol Hausemann saying that rough, torn stripes across Queens face and mouth form voids by a cut-up lettering to show the title and the band name on a cover which he called archetype of a punk rock band. In addition, those are also examples of a Dada photomontage and a Punk photomontage wh ich both used words and images to express verbal and visual meanings. In conclusion, the aim of this essay was to prove the relationship between Dada and Punk through various forms of artwork.They both were fighting against either the War or the rules of the system. In addition, Dada and Punk were characterised by similar ideology which was very controversial in terms of stereotypical vision of art. The violation of traditional rules and twisting the familiar image of art had an impact on future subcultures, in this slickness Punk. Also, the creation of photomontage technique is shown through the comparisons of work from Dada period and accordingly in Punk, which was born further in the 20th century. They were the evidence of controversy and provocation addressed by personal messages behind them.Although, there is 50 years of difference in between the movements, it is fair to say that both of them greatly affected our culture and inspired the future generations. References Raoul Hausmann,The Art Critic. 2010. online. Last accessed 20 may 2012 at http//iheartartblog. blogspot. co. uk/2010/05/raoul-hausmann-art-critic. html Audio Raoul Hausmann The Art Critic 1919-1920. 2011. online. Last accessed 20 whitethorn 2012 at http//www. moma. org/explore/multimedia/audios/29/707 Chapter 12 Words and Images. 2009. online. Last accessed 20 May 2012 at http//wiki. igital-foundations. cyberspace/index. php? title=Chapter_12. _Words_and_Images Liam. 2009. online. Last accessed 19 May 2012 at http//poptonesmusings. blogspot. co. uk/2009/02/dadaism-and-punk-meaning-less. html BERRYMAN,Ashleigh. 2010. online. Last accessed 19 May 2012 at http//ashleighberryman. wordpress. com/2010/11/04/punk-is-dadaism/ KALOGERAKIS,Stelios,2011. online. Last accessed 19 May 2012 at http//www. kalogerakis. org/? p=1171 Punk visual art. 2012. online. Last accessed 20 May 2012 at http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Punk_visual_art Dada. 2012. online.Last accessed 20 May 2012 at http//en. wikipedia . org/wiki/Dada POYNTON,Rick (2003). No More Rules Graphic Design and Postomodernism. capital of the United Kingdom Laurencce King Publishing. p39-40. GALE,Matthew (1997). Dada& Surrealism. London Phaidon Press Limited. p103. ADES,Dawn (1986). Photomontage . 2nd ed. London Thames and Hudson. p19-21. BIGSBY,C. W. E. (1972). Dada& Surrealism. 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